Nanomedicine in the Management of Microbial Infection - Overview and Perspectives.

Chemotherapy has been widely applied in clinics. However, the therapeutic potential of chemotherapy against cancer is seriously dissatisfactory due to the nonspecific drug distribution, multidrug resistance (MDR) and the heterogeneity of cancer. Therefore, combinational therapy based on chemotherapy mediated by nanotechnology, has been the trend in clinical research at present, which can result in a remarkably increased therapeutic efficiency with few side effects to normal tissues. Moreover, to achieve the accurate pre-diagnosis and real-time monitoring for tumor, the research of nano-theranostics, which integrates diagnosis with treatment process, is a promising field in cancer treatment. In this review, the recent studies on combinational therapy based on chemotherapy will be systematically discussed. Furthermore, as a current trend in cancer treatment, advance in theranostic nanoparticles based on chemotherapy will be exemplified briefly. Finally, the present challenges and improvement tips will be presented in combination therapy and nano-theranostics.

Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy Based on Chemotherapy.

The use of nanoparticles as a potential building block for photosensitizers has recently become a focus of interest in the field of photocatalysis and photodynamic therapy. Porphyrins and their derivatives are effective photosensitizers due to extended π-conjugated electronic structure, high molar absorption from visible to near-infrared spectrum, and high singlet oxygen quantum yields as well as chemical versatility. In this paper, we report a synthesis of self-assembled porphyrin nanoparticle photosensitizers using zinc meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (ZnTPyP) through a confined noncovalent self-assembly process. Scanning electron microscopy reveals formation of monodisperse cubic nanoparticles. UV–vis characterizations reveal that optical absorption of the nanoparticles exhibits a red shift due to noncovalent self-assembly of porphyrins, which not only effectively increase intensity of light absorption but also extend light absorption broadly covering visible light for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Ele...

Synthesis of Self-Assembled Porphyrin Nanoparticle Photosensitizers.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive combinatorial therapeutic modality using light, photosensitizer (PS), and oxygen used for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. When PSs in cells are exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they are transformed from the singlet ground state (S0) to an excited singlet state (S1–Sn), followed by intersystem crossing to an excited triplet state (T1). The energy transferred from T1 to biological substrates and molecular oxygen, via type I and II reactions, generates reactive oxygen species, (1O2, H2O2, O2*, HO*), which causes cellular damage that leads to tumor cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. The solubility, selectivity, and targeting of photosensitizers are important factors that must be considered in PDT. Nano-formulating PSs with organic and inorganic nanoparticles poses as potential strategy to satisfy the requirements of an ideal PDT system. In this review, we summarize several organic and inorganic PS carriers that have been studied to enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against cancer.

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Drug Carrier for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy

Colonization of surfaces by microorganisms is an urging problem. In combination with the increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria, severe infections are reported more frequently in medical settings. Therefore, there is a large demand to explore innovative surface coatings that provide intrinsic and highly effective antibacterial activity. Materials containing silver nanoparticles have been developed in the past for this purpose, but this solution has come into criticism due to various disadvantages like notable toxicity against higher organisms, the high price, and low abundance of silver. Here, we introduce a new, sunlight-mediated organosilica nanoparticle (NP) system based on silver-free antibacterial activity. The simultaneous release of nitric oxide (NO) in combination with singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals (O2•–) as reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the emergence of highly reactive peroxynitrite molecules with significantly enhanced biocidal activity. This special cooperativ...

Sunlight-Triggered Nanoparticle Synergy: Teamwork of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Released from Mesoporous Organosilica with Advanced Antibacterial Activity

Inflammatory periodontal disease caused by dental plaque is characterized by the clinical signs of inflammation and loss of periodontal tissue support The mechanical removal of this biofilm and adjunctive use of antibacterial disinfectants and antibiotics have been the conventional methods of periodontal therapy But the removal of plaque and the reduction in the number of infectious organisms can be impaired in sites with difficult access The possibility of development of resistance to antibiotics by the target organism has led to the development of a new antimicrobial concept with fewer complications Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of low power lasers with appropriate wavelength to kill micro organisms treated with a photosensitizer drug PDT could be a useful adjunct to mechanical as well as antibiotics in eliminating periopathogenic bacteria

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An overview

Objective: To develop an independent procedure for estimating age for Indian individuals using radiographs of multi-rooted posterior teeth with accuracy needed in forensic age prediction. Materials and Methods: Orthopantomography (OPG) was obtained for 88 subjects. The subjects were divided into two sub sets; study subset ( n = 60) which were used to find regression formula to calculate the age from pulp chamber height and test subset ( n = 28) which were used to test the accuracy of this formula. Results: There was a statistically significant strong correlation between chronological age and pulp chamber crown root trunk height ratio (r = −0.56; P = 0.000). The regression equation for estimating the age, derived from the study subset was estimated age = −100.920 (PCTHR) +55.415. (PCTHR is the pulp chamber crown root trunk height ratio). This equation was applied on the test subset and there was no significant difference between estimated ages and chronological ages ( P = 0.639). The mean absolute error (MAE) was 6.96 years, which was within acceptable error limits for forensic age estimation ( Conclusion: The procedure developed to estimate the age using height reduction in pulp chamber was found to be fairly accurate to perform forensic age prediction in Indian individuals.

Adult forensic age estimation using mandibular first molar radiographs: A novel technique.

The inflammatory and immune reactions induced by bacterial plaque represent the main characteristic of periodontitis. Periodontitis manifests itself as a multifactor phenomenon including the generation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress arises within the tissues when the normal balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant defense that contributes to generate shifts in favor of the former. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of both periodontal disease and diabetes. The present study was to evaluate and compare the blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, nitric oxide synthase enzyme in Type-II diabetes patients with periodontitis and without periodontitis. The obtained results suggest that

Aparna Mohan

Papers

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An overview

Adult forensic age estimation using mandibular first molar radiographs: A novel technique.

A comparative study on the Serum levels of Anti- oxidant Enzymes in healthy patients and Type II Diabetic patients with Chronic Periodontitis