Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

‘The Production of Space’, in: Frans Jacobi, Imagine, Space Poetry, Copenhagen, 1996, unpaginated.

The Production of Space

The four Visegrad states — Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia (until 1993 Czechoslovakia) and Hungary — form a compact area between Germany and Austria in the west and the states of the former USSR in the east. They are bounded by the Baltic in the north and the Danube river in the south. They are cut by the Sudeten and Carpathian mountain ranges, which divide Poland off from the other states. Poland is an extension of the North European plain and like the latter is drained by rivers that flow from south to north west — the Oder, the Vlatava and the Elbe, the Vistula and the Bug. The Danube is the great exception, flowing from its source eastward, turning through two 90-degree turns to end up in the Black Sea, forming the barrier and often the political frontier between central Europe and the Balkans. Hungary to the east of the Danube is also an open plain. The region is historically and culturally part of western Europe, but its eastern Marches now represents a vital strategic zone between Germany and the core of the European Union to the west and the Russian zone to the east.

Economy and Society

Preface Introduction: Traditions of Nationhood in France and Germany I. The Institution of Citizenship 1. Citizenship as Social Closure 2. The French Revolution and the Invention of National Citizenship 3. State, State-System, and Citizenship in Germany II. Defining The Citizenry: The Bounds of Belonging 4. Citizenship and Naturalization in France and Germany 5. Migrants into Citizens: The Crystallization of Jus Soli in Late-Nineteenth-Century France 6. The Citizenry as Community of Descent: The Nationalization of Citizenship in Wilhelmine Germany 7. \"Etre Francais, Cela se Merite\": Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in France in the 1980s 8. Continuities in the German Politics of Citizenship Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany.

International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (vol. 10)

Linguistic landscape (LL) refers to linguistic objects that mark the public space. This paper compares patterns of LL in a variety of homogeneous and mixed Israeli cities, and in East Jerusalem. The groups studied were Israeli Jews, Palestinian Israelis and non-Israeli Palestinians from East Jerusalem, of whom most are not Israeli citizens. The study focused on the degree of visibility on private and public signs of the three major languages of Israel-Hebrew, Arabic and English. This study reveals essentially different LL patterns in Israel's various communities: Hebrew–English signs prevail in Jewish communities; Arabic Hebrew in Israeli–Palestinian communities; Arabic–English in East Jerusalem. Further analyses also evince significant – and different – discrepancies between public and private signs in the localities investigated. All in all, LL items are not faithfully representative of the linguistic repertoire typical of Israel's ethnolinguistic diversity, but rather of those linguistic resources that...

Linguistic Landscape as Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel.

Introduction by Eliezer Ben-Rafael, Elana Shohamy, Monica BarniPart I: LL multilingualisms 1. Monica Barni and Carla Bagna: Linguistic Landscapes and language vitality 2. Jeffrey L. Kallen and Esther Ni Dhonnacha: Language and inter-language in urban Irish and Japanese linguistic landscapes 3. Yael Guilat: "The Holy Ark in the Street": Sacred and Secular Painting of Utility Boxes in the Public Domain in a Small Israeli TownPart II: Top-down, power and reactions 4. Shoshi Waksman and Elana Shohamy: Decorating the city of Tel Aviv-Jaffa forits centennial: Complementary narratives via linguistic landscape 5. Theo du Plessis: Bloemfontein/Mangaung, 'City on the move'. Language management and transformation of a non-representative linguistic landscape 6. Jia Jackie Lou: Chinese on the side: The marginalization of Chinese on the Linguistic Landscape of Chinatown in Washington, DC. 7. Heiko Marten: LL under Strict State Language Policy: Reversing the Soviet Legacy in a Regional Centre in Latvia 8. Aneta Pavlenko: Linguistic landscape of Kyiv , Ukraine: A diachronic studyPart III: Benefits of LL 9. Adam Jaworski and Simone Yeung: Life in the Garden of Eden: Naming in Hong Kong 10. Jennifer Leeman and Gabriella Modan: Selling the City: Language, Ethnicity and Commodified Space 11. David Malinowski: Showing Seeing in the Korean Linguistic CityscapePart IV: Perceptions of passers-by 12.Jokin Aiestaran, Jasone Cenoz and Durk Gorter: Multilingual cityscapes: perceptions and preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Donostia-SanSebastian 13. Nira Trumper-Hecht: LL in Mixed Cities in Israel from the Perspective of 'Walkers': The Case of Arabic 14. Rebecca Garvin: Responses to the Linguistic Landscape in Memphis, Tennessee: An urban space in transitionPart V: Multiculturalism in LL 15. Francois Bogatto and Christine Helot: Linguistic Landscape and Language Diversity in Strasbourg: The " Quartier Gare " 16. Robert Blackwood: Marking France's public space: Empirical surveys on regional heritage languages in Provincial cities 17. Gerda de Klerk and Terrence G. Wiley: Linguistic landscape as multi-layered representation: Suburban Asian communities in the Valley of the Sun 18. Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Miriam Ben-Rafael: Diaspora and returning diaspora: French-Hebrew and vice-versa

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Linguistic Landscape in the City

Part 1 The social fabric of languages: language in society culture and social systems social divisions and language the market of languages. Part 2 Language and integration: language revival, integration and elitism the shift to Hebrew imposing without coercing. Part 3 The languages of social cleavages: Israel's social cleavages the quantitative dimension languages and stratification languages and ethnicity the languages of the religious cleavages the case of a national minority. Part 4 The social market of languages: English in society the social transformation of French Yiddish in Israel the diffusion of Arabic. Part 5 Theoretical perspectives: identity, boundaries and language towards a theoretical approach. Appendices: social factors of the knowledge of languages the non-Hebrew Israeli press.

Language, Identity, and Social Division: The Case of Israel

Acknowledgements Part I. Theoretical and Empirical Background: 1. Ethnicity and society 2. Divisions in Israeli society 3. Theoretical perspectives in Israeli sociology 4. The sample, its background and its setting Part II. Social Patterns and Behavior: 5. Neighborhoods: synagogues and neighborhood committees 6. Religiosity and secularization 7. Friendship networks Part III. Identities and Images: 8. Ethnic consciousness 9. Class consciousness 10. Religion, ethnic and class division: convergent or cross-cutting? Part IV. The Impact of Stratification: 11. Voting 12. Discrimination 13. Assimilation or ethnic solidarity? Part V. Social Cleavages: An Overview of Israeli Society and Some Theoretical Implications: 14. Cleavages among Jews 15. Jews and Arabs 16. Toward a theory of social cleavages Appendices Glossary Notes References Index.

Eliezer Ben-Rafael

Papers

Linguistic Landscape as Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel.

Linguistic Landscape in the City

Language, Identity, and Social Division: The Case of Israel

Ethnicity, Religion and Class in Israeli Society

The Emergence of Ethnicity: Cultural Groups and Social Conflict in Israel