Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(15)36098-X/pdf

Global Epidemiology of Psoriasis: A Systematic Review of Incidence and Prevalence

Fibroblasts can condense a hydrated collagen lattice to a tissue-like structure 1/28th the area of the starting gel in 24 hr. The rate of the process can be regulated by varying the protein content of the lattice, the cell number, or the con- centration of an inhibitor such as Colcemid. Fibroblasts of high population doubling level propagated in vitro, which have left the cell cycle, can carry out the contraction at least as efficiently as cycling cells. The potential uses of the system as an immu- nologically tolerated "tissue" for wound hea ing and as a model for studying fibroblast function are discussed.

Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative

Background/aims: 
The improvement of stratum corneum hydration is one of the most important claims in the cosmetic industry.

Methods: 
Objective assessment of moisturization can be done with devices based on electrical methods provided these instruments are used in an appropriate manner.

Results: 
This paper deals with the biophysical basis behind these techniques and describes the most important variables, pitfalls and drawbacks related to measurements and current instrumentation. Individual-related and environment-related variables are also analyzed as well as study designs for predictive or use tests.

Conclusions: 
Practical suggestions for standardization of measurements are given.

EEMCO guidance for the assessment of stratum corneum hydration: electrical methods

This report reviews the clinical and hisiopathological reactions caused by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and the non-invasive methods that can characterize these reactions. Furthermore, SLS exposure techniques and factors that may influence the outcome of these exposures are discussed. Finally, guidelines are introduced for each exposure technique in order 10 have a uniform approach to SLS jesting in man. Since different study aims warrant different testing conditions, we have proposed 2 categories, namely susceptibility testing and provocative testing, tailored to the aim with which the study is performed.

Guidelines on sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure tests. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis.

Aging skin undergoes progressive degenerative change. Structural and physiologic changes that occur as a natural consequence of intrinsic aging combined with the effects of a lifetime of ongoing cumulative extrinsic damage and environment insult (e.g. overexposure to solar radiation) can produce a marked susceptibility to dermatologic disorders in the elderly. As skin ages, the vasculature progressively atrophies. The supporting dermis also deteriorates, with collagen and elastin fibers becoming sparse and increasingly disordered. These changes leave the elderly increasingly susceptible to both vascular disorders such as stasis dermatitis and skin injuries such as pressure ulcers and skin tears, with a steadily decreasing ability to effect skin repair. A parallel erosion of normal immune function produces higher levels of autoimmune skin disorders such as bullous pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, paraneoplastic pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris. Lichen sclerosus, an autoimmune disorder often occurring in the genital area in older women, is not common but is an important development because of the potential for substantial discomfort as well as serious complications. The prevalence of polypharmacy in this population increases the risk for autoimmune drug reactions, and diagnosis should be undertaken with an awareness that polypharmacy in this population creates a greatly increased susceptibility to drug eruptions that can mimic other cutaneous disorders. Immunologic senescence in the elderly also sets the stage for potential reactivation of the Varicella zoster virus, in which initial dermatologic involvement expands into the major sensory ganglia. Known as shingles, this disorder can be excruciatingly painful with the potential to cause blindness if the optic nerve becomes involved. Dermatoses such as xerosis, pruritus, and eczema are also widespread in the elderly, create substantial suffering in those afflicted, and often prove recalcitrant to treatment. Individual susceptibility to specific types of contact dermatitis changes over the lifetime, and seborrheic dermatitis is substantially more prevalent in the elderly. It is not uncommon for older patients to have multiple impairments, with the potential for cognitive dysfunction as well as impaired vision, hearing, or mobility. In addition, they may not have adequate housing or nutrition, or the financial resources necessary for adequate compliance. Physicians must take into consideration the patient's physical ability to comply with the recommended therapy as well as socioeconomic factors that may impact on compliance. Simple topical regimens are preferable wherever possible in order to maximize compliance and, therefore, efficacy. Extra effort may be necessary to ensure that instructions are accurately followed and that ongoing compliance with the regimen prescribed is actually achieved. Management of dermatologic disorders in the elderly is often less than optimal, due to the fact that the special needs and limitations of this population are not adequately considered. Treatments should consider the intrinsic differences between younger and older patients that may impact on diagnosis and therapy choice. The aged patient is often afflicted with numerous co-morbidities that can influence the choice of therapy. Skin integrity in the elderly is compromised, and safety concerns are increased with the long-term use of any medication prescribed. In addition, the prevalence of polypharmacy in the aged population substantially increases the risk of cutaneous drug reactions, which can profoundly complicate accurate diagnosis of dermatologic disorders. The aged population also needs to be more closely monitored because of increased fragility of the skin and the physical limitations that may hinder compliance with prescribed regimens.

Clinical implications of aging skin: cutaneous disorders in the elderly.

Part I:Introduction Water-Lipid Interaction, Bozena B. Michniak, Philip W. Wertz Water-Keratin Interaction, Jean-Luc Leveque Stratum Corneum pH: and Ions - Distribution and Importance, Joachim W Fluhr, Lora Bankova, Peter Elias Occlusion, Jana Prassler, Joachim W Fluhr Part II: Transepidermal Water Loss and Barrier Function Transepidermal Water Loss Measurements in Dermato-Cosmetic Sciences, Vera Rogiers, E. Houben, K. De Paepe Ultrasound and Water in the Stratum Corneum, Stefania Seidenari, Giovanni Pellacani Standardization of Measurements and Guidelines, Grazia Primavera, Joachim W. Fluhr, Enzo Berardesca Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and its Relation to Barrier Function and Skin Irritation, P.G.M. Van der Valk, M Kucharekova, R.A. Tupker Transepidermal Water Loss and Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Stefania Seidenari, Francesca Giusti Prediction of Irritancy, R.A. Tupker TEWL and Racial differences, Grazia Primavera, Enzo Berardesca Sensitive Skin and Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL), Clarissa D. Villarama, Howard I. Maibach Transepidermal Water Loss and Barrier Function of Aging Human Skin, Klaus-P. Wilhelm, Marianne Brandt, Howard I. Maibach Atopic Dermatitis and Other Skin Diseases, Manige Fartasch Transepidermal Water Loss and Dry Skin, Marie Loden Bioengineering Correlates of the Sensitive Skin Syndrome: The Sensory Irritation Component, Robert Sinaiko, Howard I. Maibach Barrier Recovery, Silke M. Fuchs, Joachim W. Fluhr, Howard I. Maibach Testing the Efficacy of Moisturizer, Bemard Gabard Dynamic Measurements: POST, MAT and SDT, Grazia Primavera, Enzo Berardesca Part III: Water Content Assessment of Stratum Corneum Hydration: Corneometer CM 825, Gabriel Khazaka Hardware and Measuring Principles: The NOVATM DPM, Randy Wickett Hardware and Measuring Principles: The Computerized DermaLab(R) TEWL Probe, Gary L. Grove, Charles Zerweck Electrical Assessment of Skin Hydration: Standardization of Measurements and Guidelines, Grazia Primavera, Joachim W. Fluhr, Enzo Berardesca Hydration and Moisturizers, Marie Loden Infant Skin Hydration, Marty O. Visscher, Steven B. Hoath Hydration and Atopic Dermatitis, Chris Edwards Within and Beyond the Skin Barrier as Seen by Electrical Impedance , Stig Ollmar, Ingrid Nicander Hydration, Psoriasis and Ekzema: The Dry Surface-High Evaporative Water Loss Paradox, Jorgen Serup Hydration and Lipids , Philip W. Wertz, Bozena B. Michniak Xerotic Skin and Impairment of Barrier Function Associated to Itch, Gil Yosipovitch Testing and Efficacy of Barrier Creams, Hongbo Zhai, Howard I. Maibach Testing of Moisturizer, Marie Loden, Magnus Lindberg

Bioengineering of the skin : water and the stratum corneum

Two studies were performed to evaluate the influence of glycerol on the recovery of damaged stratum corneum barrier function. Measurements of transepidermal water loss and capacitance were conducted in a 3-day follow-up after tape stripping (study 1) and a 7-day follow-up after a barrier damage due to a repeated washing with sodium lauryl sulphate. In study 1 a faster barrier repair (transepidermal water loss) was monitored in glycerol-treated sites. Significant differences between glycerol open vs. untreated and glycerol occluded vs. untreated were observed at day 3. Stratum corneum hydration showed significantly higher values in the sites treated with glycerol+occlusion, compared with all other sites. In study 2 a faster barrier repair was seen in glycerol-treated sites, with significant differences against untreated and base-treated sites 7 days after the end of the treatment. Stratum corneum hydration showed highest values in the glycerol treated sites after 3 days of treatment. Glycerol creates a stimulus for barrier repair and improves the stratum corneum hydration; stratum corneum hydration is not strictly related to barrier homeostasis and can be optimized by different mechanisms and pathways. The observed effects were based on the modulation of barrier repair and were not biased by the humectant effect of glycerol. As the glycerol-induced recovery of barrier function and stratum corneum hydration were observed even 7 days after the end of treatment, glycerol can be regarded as a barrier stabilizing and moisturizing compound.

/pdf/glycerol-accelerates-recovery-of-barrier-function-in-vivo-6lbkzfkghl.pdf

Enzo Berardesca

Papers

EEMCO guidance for the assessment of stratum corneum hydration: electrical methods

Guidelines on sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure tests. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis.

Clinical implications of aging skin: cutaneous disorders in the elderly.

Bioengineering of the skin : water and the stratum corneum

Glycerol accelerates recovery of barrier function in vivo.