Background: Nanomedicine is a field of science that uses nanoscale materials for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. It has emerged as an important aspect of the therapeutics, but at the same time, also raises concerns regarding the safety of the nanomaterials involved. Recent applications of functionalized biodegradable nanomaterials have significantly improved the safety profile of nanomedicine. Objective: Our goal is to evaluate different types of biodegradable nanomaterials that have been functionalized for their biomedical applications. Method: In this review, we used PubMed as our literature source and selected recently published studies on biodegradable nanomaterials and their applications in nanomedicine. Results: We found that biodegradable polymers are commonly functionalized for various purposes. Their property of being naturally degraded under biological conditions allows these biodegradable nanomaterials to be used for many biomedical purposes, including bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery, implantation and tissue engineering. The degradability of these nanoparticles can be utilized to control cargo release, by allowing efficient degradation of the nanomaterials at the target site while maintaining nanoparticle integrity at off-target sites. Conclusion: While each biodegradable nanomaterial has its advantages and disadvantages, with careful design and functionalization, biodegradable nanoparticles hold great future in nanomedicine.

Systemic Review of Biodegradable Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine.

Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science for designing tools and devices of size 1 to 100 nm with specific function at the cellular, atomic and molecular levels. The concept of employing nanotechnology in biomedical research and clinical practice is best known as nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is an upcoming field that could potentially make a major impact to human health. Nanomaterials are increasingly used in diagnostics, imaging and targeted drug delivery. Nanotechnology will assist the integration of diagnostics/imaging with therapeutics and facilitates the development of personalized medicine, i.e. prescription of specific medications best suited for an individual. This review provides an integrated overview of application of nanotechnology based molecular diagnostics and drug delivery in the development of nanomedicine and ultimately personalized medicine. Finally, we identify critical gaps in our knowledge of nanoparticle toxicity and how these gaps need to be evaluated to enable nanotechnology to transit safely from bench to bedside.

Nanotechnology and nanomedicine: going small means aiming big.

Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications in biomedicine

Recent advances on thermosensitive and pH-sensitive liposomes employed in controlled release.

The UFAW handbook on the care and management of laboratory animals

The human characteristics of curiosity, wonder, and ingenuity are as old as mankind. People around the world have been harnessing their curiosity into inquiry and the process of scientific methodology. Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented growth in research in the area of nanoscience. There is increasing optimism that nanotechnology applied to medicine and dentistry will bring significant advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Growing interest in the future medical applications of nanotechnology is leading to the emergence of a new field called nanomedicine. Nanomedicine needs to overcome the challenges for its application, to improve the understanding of pathophysiologic basis of disease, bring more sophisticated diagnostic opportunities, and yield more effective therapies and preventive properties. When doctors gain access to medical robots, they will be able to quickly cure most known diseases that hobble and kill people today, to rapidly repair most physical injuries our bodies can suffer, and to vastly extend the human health span. Molecular technology is destined to become the core technology underlying all of 21(st) century medicine and dentistry. In this article, we have made an attempt to have an early glimpse on future impact of nanotechnology in medicine and dentistry.

Future impact of nanotechnology on medicine and dentistry.

For ethical reason, initiation and progression of periodontal disease as well as certain types of periodontal treatment cannot be studied in humans. Instead, numerous studies in this field have been carried out in laboratory animals. Animal models are needed to objectively evaluate the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease and its various treatment modalities. A number of animal models have been used in studying etiology and pathology of periodontitis. The primate model is recommended because the pathogenesis in primate model closely resembles that in humans. In addition, the dog model is used frequently because of ease of ligature placement as well as the natural occurrence of periodontal disease. However, ease of handling, inexpensive, short study time, low variation among strains and controlled microflora, relatively disease resistant, make the rat model extremely versatile and suited for a wide range of research endeavors. Rats are used mainly for research in toxicity, nutrition, behavior, and cancer. Normal oral structure and physiology and the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have been studied more extensively in the rat than in any other rodents. Rats are used extensively to study the effects of drugs on the gingiva because their tissue overgrowth is similar to that of humans. The purpose of this review is to evaluate rats as models for studying various aspects of periodontal disease, including disease process and its treatment handling, advantages and limitations of these models.

Rat as laboratory animal model in periodontology

Implants placed into extraction sockets: a literature review.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the survival rate of dental implants placed immediately into fresh extraction sockets in the maxillary anterior region by clinically evaluating the peri-implant soft tissue health and by radiographically evaluating the bone height mesial and distal to the implants. Materials and Methods: Patients with maxillary anterior teeth indicated for extraction were selected. Indicated teeth were extracted, sockets were prepared and implants were placed into prepared sockets. After the integration period, prostheses were cemented. Patients were reviewed at three-month intervals after prosthesis placement for a period of one year with evaluation of all clinical and radiographic parameters. Results: Causes for extraction of teeth were root fractures, endodontic failures, internal resorption, external resorption, teeth with open apex and over-retained deciduous teeth. The mean plaque index and gingival index showed a decrease in values during the follow-up period. All implants were immobile. Radiographic analysis using Image J software (of the peri-apical radiographs) showed significant bone remodeling around the neck of the implants. Immediate implant survival rate was 100% during one-year follow-up. Conclusion: Thus, with regard to implant survival, there seems to be no reason to refrain from placement of implants into extraction sockets in the maxillary anterior region when the sites are carefully selected.

Evaluation of implants placed into fresh extraction sockets in the maxillary anterior region: A clinico-radiographic study

Infantile Tremor Syndrome is a clinical state, characterized by anemia, skin depigmentation, tremors and developmental delay in children between age 5 months to 3 years. Nutritional deficiency is one of the most accepted theories, usually seen among breastfeeding vegetarian mothers. The present case report describes demographic, clinical, laboratory profile and treatment outcome of infantile tremor syndrome diagnosed in a 5 month old female child admitted to the pediatric ward of tertiary care hospital.

Mallanagouda Patil

Papers

Future impact of nanotechnology on medicine and dentistry.

Rat as laboratory animal model in periodontology

Implants placed into extraction sockets: a literature review.

Evaluation of implants placed into fresh extraction sockets in the maxillary anterior region: A clinico-radiographic study

Infantile Tremor Syndrome: A Case Report