Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a special type of Neural Networks, which has shown exemplary performance on several competitions related to Computer Vision and Image Processing. Some of the exciting application areas of CNN include Image Classification and Segmentation, Object Detection, Video Processing, Natural Language Processing, and Speech Recognition. The powerful learning ability of deep CNN is primarily due to the use of multiple feature extraction stages that can automatically learn representations from the data. The availability of a large amount of data and improvement in the hardware technology has accelerated the research in CNNs, and recently interesting deep CNN architectures have been reported. Several inspiring ideas to bring advancements in CNNs have been explored, such as the use of different activation and loss functions, parameter optimization, regularization, and architectural innovations. However, the significant improvement in the representational capacity of the deep CNN is achieved through architectural innovations. Notably, the ideas of exploiting spatial and channel information, depth and width of architecture, and multi-path information processing have gained substantial attention. Similarly, the idea of using a block of layers as a structural unit is also gaining popularity. This survey thus focuses on the intrinsic taxonomy present in the recently reported deep CNN architectures and, consequently, classifies the recent innovations in CNN architectures into seven different categories. These seven categories are based on spatial exploitation, depth, multi-path, width, feature-map exploitation, channel boosting, and attention. Additionally, the elementary understanding of CNN components, current challenges, and applications of CNN are also provided.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-020-09825-6.pdf

A survey of the recent architectures of deep convolutional neural networks

Conflict and Conflict Management.

The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution have been a longstanding source of concern, accentuated by realized and projected growth in electrical lighting. As human communities and lighting technologies develop, artificial light increasingly modifies natural light regimes by encroaching on dark refuges in space, in time, and across wavelengths. A wide variety of ecological implications of artificial light have been identified. However, the primary research to date is largely focused on the disruptive influence of nighttime light on higher vertebrates, and while comprehensive reviews have been compiled along taxonomic lines and within specific research domains, the subject is in need of synthesis within a common mechanistic framework. Here we propose such a framework that focuses on the cross-factoring of the ways in which artificial lighting alters natural light regimes (spatially, temporally, and spectrally), and the ways in which light influences biological systems, particularly the distinction between light as a resource and light as an information source. We review the evidence for each of the combinations of this cross-factoring. As artificial lighting alters natural patterns of light in space, time and across wavelengths, natural patterns of resource use and information flows may be disrupted, with downstream effects to the structure and function of ecosystems. This review highlights: (i) the potential influence of nighttime lighting at all levels of biological organisation (from cell to ecosystem); (ii) the significant impact that even low levels of nighttime light pollution can have; and (iii) the existence of major research gaps, particularly in terms of the impacts of light at population and ecosystem levels, identification of intensity thresholds, and the spatial extent of impacts in the vicinity of artificial lights.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12036

The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: a mechanistic appraisal

Lightswitch-2002: a model for manual and automated control of electric lighting and blinds

https://escholarship.org/content/qt8755h7rn/qt8755h7rn.pdf?t=p0jvvs

Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges:

Fundamentals Light Introduction Light and Radiation CIE Standard Observers Photometric Quantities Some Limitations Colorimetric Quantities Sources of Light Control of Light Distribution Control of Light Output Summary Visual System Introduction Structure of the Visual System Continuous Adjustments of the Visual System Capabilities of the Visual System Perception through the Visual System Summary Non-Image-Forming System Introduction Some Physiology Circadian Timing System Characteristics of the Circadian Timing System Awakening System Pupil Size Problems and Potential Summary Generalities Lighting and Work Introduction Overview Light, Work, and the Visual System Light, Work, and the Non-Image-Forming System Light, Work, Mood, and Motivation Summary Lighting and Visual Discomfort Introduction Characteristics of Visual Discomfort General Causes of Visual Discomfort Specific Causes of Visual Discomfort Discomfort, Performance, and Behaviour Visual Discomfort and Lighting Quality Summary Lighting and the Perception of Spaces and Objects Introduction Simple Perceptions Higher-Order Perceptions Perception of Objects Summary Specifics Lighting for Offices Introduction Illuminance Light Sources for Office Lighting Lighting Systems Lighting Controls Summary Lighting for Industry Introduction Problems Facing Lighting in Industry General Lighting Localized and Task Lighting Visual Inspection Special Situations Summary Escape Lighting Introduction Escape Lighting in Context Operating Conditions Exit Signs Escape Route Lighting Special Situations Escape Lighting in Practice Summary Lighting for Driving Introduction Vehicle Forward Lighting Vehicle Signal Lighting Road Lighting Markings, Signs, and Traffic Signals Summary Lighting for Pedestrians Introduction What Pedestrians Want from Lighting Lighting Criteria Lighting for Safe Movement Lighting for Security Lighting, Comfort, and Attraction Completing the Picture Summary Lighting and Crime Introduction Some History Lighting as a Crime Prevention Measure The Reason Why Essential Characteristics of Lighting Special Situations Generalization and Value Summary Lighting for the Elderly Introduction Optical Changes with Age Neural Changes with Age Vision Loss Effects of Age on Visual Capabilities Effects of Age on Real Visual Tasks Effects of Age on the Circadian Timing System What Can Be Done to Offset the Effects of Age? Summary Light and Health Introduction Light as Radiation Light Operating through the Visual System Light Operating through the Circadian Timing System Unresolved Issues Summary Light Pollution Introduction Forms of Light Pollution Causes of Light Pollution Consequences of Light Pollution Reactions to Light Pollution Limiting Light Pollution The Future Summary Lighting and Electricity Consumption Introduction Legal Status Trends in Lighting Regulation Trends in Lighting Recommendations Design Load Shedding Summary The Way Ahead Introduction Background Problems with New Technology Problems with New Knowledge Problems with Increased Pressure Research Approaches New Tools Evaluating Research Summary References Index

Human factors in lighting

In two experiments in a simulated office space, temporary office personnel worked under one of six lighting conditions for a day. A previous paper reported the results of statistical tests for lighting conditions effects on perceptions, feelings and task performance. This paper reports mediated regression analyses testing the linked mechanisms by which lighting conditions affect health, well-being and task performance. Combined results from the two statistical approaches show that people who perceived their office lighting as being of higher quality rated the space as more attractive, reported more pleasant mood, and showed greater well-being at the end of the day. Direct—indirect lighting and personal control were favoured. Lighting conditions that improved visibility also improved task performance.

/pdf/lighting-appraisal-well-being-and-performance-in-open-plan-2uz5z4voxi.pdf

Lighting appraisal, well-being and performance in open-plan offices: A linked mechanisms approach:

This paper describes two experiments concerning the effects of variations in lighting quality on office worker performance, health, and well-being. Experiment 1 had four experimental conditions: a ...

/pdf/lighting-quality-and-office-work-two-field-simulation-2kst9ugar7.pdf

Lighting quality and office work: two field simulation experiments

The availability of electric lighting has changed the lives of people the world over and lighting is a major consumer of energy, yet little has been written about the forms of lighting that can alter human visual capabilities and enhance productivity, ensure comfort and create appropriate lighting conditions. It is important to understand the forms

Human Factors in Lighting, Second Edition

The effects of light on health can be divided into three sections. The first is that of light as radiation. Exposure to the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation produced by light sources ca...

Peter Boyce

Papers

Human factors in lighting

Lighting appraisal, well-being and performance in open-plan offices: A linked mechanisms approach:

Lighting quality and office work: two field simulation experiments

Human Factors in Lighting, Second Edition

Review: The Impact of Light in Buildings on Human Health