Seppo Rytkönen

TL;DR: It is suggested that after the last Ice Ages, the blue tit subspecies have colonized Europe from two different southern refuges following previously proposed general recolonization routes from the Balkans to northern and Central Europe, and from the Iberian Peninsula north- and eastwards.

TL;DR: The types of descriptive data that should be included in the methods sections of relevant manuscripts are listed to improve the reliability and usefulness of research based on long-term studies of any secondary hole-nesting species using artificial nestboxes for breeding or roosting.

TL;DR: The authors' analyses provide evidence that predation may impose viability costs on sexually selected traits such as plumage brightness and body size, and suggest that in northern harsh conditions, Sparrowhawks may prefer large prey in order to fulfill their daily energy requirements.

TL;DR: The proximate reason for the age-dependent dominance seen in natural willow tit flocks is most likely the prior residency advantage of the adults, which may reflect the importance of resource value differences between residents and newcomers in this context.

TL;DR: Whether late winter is the most difficult time for birds, and whether temperature, especially in late winter, correlates with survival, is examined, to examine Willow Tits, near Oulu, northern Finland.