Showing papers by "Japan Atomic Energy Agency published in 2009"
TL;DR: The Reference Input Parameter Library (RIPL-3) as mentioned in this paper is a library of validated nuclear-model input parameters, referred to as the RIPL-2 library, which has been used extensively in the development and use of nuclear reaction modelling.
1,013 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, different aspects of the PWI are assessed in their importance for the initial wall materials choice: CFC for the strike point tiles, W in the divertor and baffle and Be on the first wall.
708 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electronic structure of nitrogen introduced into various carbon-based cathode catalysts for the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) was investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).
442 citations
TL;DR: The ITER neutral beam (NB) injectors are the first injectors that will have to operate under conditions and constraints similar to those that will be encountered in a fusion reactor as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The ITER neutral beam (NB) injectors are the first injectors that will have to operate under conditions and constraints similar to those that will be encountered in a fusion reactor. These injectors will have to operate in a hostile radiation environment and they will become highly radioactive due to the neutron flux from ITER. The injectors will use a single large ion source and accelerator that will produce 40?A 1?MeV D? beams for pulse lengths of up to 3600?s.Significant design changes have been made to the ITER heating NB (HNB) injector over the past 4 years. The main changes are: Modifications to allow installation and maintenance of the beamline components with an overhead crane. The beam source vessel shape has been changed and the beam source moved to allow more space for the connections between the 1?MV bushing and the beam source. The RF driven negative ion source has replaced the filamented ion source as the reference design. The ion source and extractor power supplies will be located in an air insulated high voltage (?1?MV) deck located outside the tokamak building instead of inside an SF6 insulated HV deck located above the injector. Introduction of an all metal absolute valve to prevent any tritium in the machine to escape into the NB cell during maintenance. This paper describes the status of the design as of December 2008 including the above mentioned changes.The very important power supply system of the neutral beam injectors is not described in any detail as that merits a paper beyond the competence of the present authors.The R&D required to realize the injectors described in this paper must be carried out on a dedicated neutral beam test facility, which is not described here.
432 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented calculations of fission properties for heavy elements based on the macroscopic-microscopic finite-range liquid-drop model with a 2002 parameter set.
Abstract: We present calculations of fission properties for heavy elements. The calculations are based on the macroscopic-microscopic finite-range liquid-drop model with a 2002 parameter set. For each nucleus we have calculated the potential energy in three different shape parametrizations: (1) for 5 009 325 different shapes in a five-dimensional deformation space given by the three-quadratic-surface parametrization, (2) for 10 850 different shapes in a three-dimensional deformation space spanned by epsilon(2), epsilon(4), and gamma in the Nilsson perturbed-spheroid parametrization, supplemented by a densely spaced grid in epsilon(2), epsilon(3), epsilon(4), and epsilon(6) for axially symmetric deformations in the neighborhood of the ground state, and (3) an axially symmetric multipole expansion of the shape of the nuclear surface using beta(2), beta(3), beta(4), and beta(6) for intermediate deformations. For a fissioning system, it is always possible to define uniquely one saddle or fission threshold on the optimum trajectory between the ground state and separated fission fragments. We present such calculated barrier heights for 1585 nuclei from Z=78 to Z=125. Traditionally, actinide barriers have been characterized in terms of a "double-humped" structure. Following this custom we present calculated energies of the first peak, second minimum, and second peak in the barrier for 135 actinide nuclei from Th to Es. However, for some of these nuclei which exhibit a more complex barrier structure, there is no unique way to extract a double-humped structure from the calculations. We give examples of such more complex structures, in particular the structure of the outer barrier region near Th-232 and the occurrence of multiple fission modes. Because our complete results are too extensive to present in a paper of this type, our aim here is limited: (1) to fully present our model and the methods for determining the structure of the potential-energy surface, (2) to present fission thresholds for a large number of heavy elements, (3) to compare our results with the two-humped barrier structure deduced from experiment for actinide nuclei, and (4) to compare to additional fission-related data and other fission models. . (Less)
300 citations
TL;DR: In vitro dual cultures of P. brassicae with hairy root culture and suspension cultures have been developed to provide a way to nondestructively observe the growth of this pathogen within host cells.
Abstract: Plasmodiphora brassicae is a soil-borne obligate parasite. The pathogen has three stages in its life cycle: survival in soil, root hair infection, and cortical infection. Resting spores of P. brassicae have a great ability to survive in soil. These resting spores release primary zoospores. When a zoospore reaches the surface of a root hair, it penetrates through the cell wall. This stage is termed the root hair infection stage. Inside root hairs the pathogen forms primary plasmodia. A number of nuclear divisions occur synchronously in the plasmodia, followed by cleavage into zoosporangia. Later, 4–16 secondary zoospores are formed in each zoosporangium and released into the soil. Secondary zoospores penetrate the cortical tissues of the main roots, a process called cortical infection. Inside invaded roots cells, the pathogen develops into secondary plasmodia which are associated with cellular hypertrophy, followed by gall formation in the tissues. The plasmodia finally develop into a new generation of resting spores, followed by their release back into soil as survival structures. In vitro dual cultures of P. brassicae with hairy root culture and suspension cultures have been developed to provide a way to nondestructively observe the growth of this pathogen within host cells. The development of P. brassicae in the hairy roots was similar to that found in intact plants. The observations of the cortical infection stage suggest that swelling of P. brassicae-infected cells and abnormal cell division of P. brassicae-infected and adjacent cells will induce hypertrophy and that movement of plasmodia by cytoplasmic streaming increases the number of P. brassicae-infected cells during cell division.
243 citations
TL;DR: It is observed that tunneling from a lower-lying state in hydrogen chloride (HCl) is observed, bolstering the emerging tenet that the coherent interaction between different orbitals—which can amplify the impact of lower orbitals in tunneling processes.
Abstract: Tunneling, one of the most striking manifestations of quantum mechanics, influences the electronic structure of many molecules and solids and is responsible for radioactive decay Much of the interaction of intense light pulses with matter commences with electrons tunneling from atoms or molecules to the continuum Until recently, this starting point was assumed to be the highest occupied orbital of a given system We have now observed tunneling from a lower-lying state in hydrogen chloride (HCl) Analyzing two independent experimental observables allowed us to isolate (via fragment ions), identify (via molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions), and, with the help of ab initio simulations, quantify the contribution of lower-lying orbitals to the total and angle-dependent tunneling current of the molecule Our results bolster the emerging tenet that the coherent interaction between different orbitals—which can amplify the impact of lower orbitals—must be considered in tunneling processes
230 citations
TL;DR: The time is ripe: A general theoretical framework based on force-transformed potential energy surfaces rationalizes the intriguing results of recent experiments in the emerging field of covalent mechanochemistry.
Abstract: The time is ripe: A general theoretical framework based on force-transformed potential energy surfaces rationalizes the intriguing results of recent experiments in the emerging field of covalent mechanochemistry.
222 citations
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory1, ITER2, Fusion for Energy3, European Atomic Energy Community4, Oak Ridge National Laboratory5, Columbia University6, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7, University of California, Los Angeles8, General Atomics9, Japan Atomic Energy Agency10, Massachusetts Institute of Technology11, Max Planck Society12, Forschungszentrum Jülich13
TL;DR: In this article, the ITER design requirements were reviewed and as appropriate updated and the focus of this paper will be on recent work affecting ITER with special emphasis on topics affecting near-term procurement arrangements.
Abstract: As part of the ITER Design Review and in response to the issues identified by the Science and Technology Advisory Committee, the ITER physics requirements were reviewed and as appropriate updated. The focus of this paper will be on recent work affecting the ITER design with special emphasis on topics affecting near-term procurement arrangements. This paper will describe results on: design sensitivity studies, poloidal field coil requirements, vertical stability, effect of toroidal field ripple on thermal confinement, material choice and heat load requirements for plasma-facing components, edge localized modes control, resistive wall mode control, disruptions and disruption mitigation.
218 citations
TL;DR: Commercial food irradiation is increasing significantly in Asia, but decreasing in EU, while that of other food items that included health foods, mushroom, honey, etc.
207 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two large-scale cross-hole pumping tests were conducted at depths of 191-226 m and 662-706 m in deep boreholes at the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU) construction site in central Japan.
Abstract: [1] Two large-scale cross-hole pumping tests were conducted at depths of 191–226 m and 662–706 m in deep boreholes at the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU) construction site in central Japan During these two tests, induced groundwater responses were monitored at many observation intervals at various depths in different boreholes at the site We analyze the two cross-hole pumping tests using transient hydraulic tomography (THT) based on an efficient sequential successive linear estimator to compute the hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss) tomograms, as well as their uncertainties in three dimensions The equivalent K and Ss estimates obtained using asymptotic analysis treating the medium to be homogeneous served as the mean parameter estimates for the 3-D stochastic inverse modeling effort Results show several, distinct, high K and low Ss zones that are continuous over hundreds of meters, which appear to delineate fault zones and their connectivity The THT analysis of the tests also identified a low K zone which corresponds with a known fault zone trending NNW and has been found to compartmentalize groundwater flow at the site These results corroborate well with observed water level records, available fault information, and coseismic groundwater level responses during several large earthquakes The successful application of THT to cross-hole pumping tests conducted in fractured granite at this site suggests that THT is a promising approach to delineate large-scale K and Ss heterogeneities, fracture connectivity, and to quantify uncertainty of the estimated fields
TL;DR: In-plane microwave penetration depth lambda_{ab} and quasiparticle conductivity at 28 GHz are measured in underdoped single crystals of the Fe-based superconductor PrFeAsO_{1-y} (T_{c} approximately 35 K) by using a sensitive superconducting cavity resonator.
Abstract: In-plane microwave penetration depthab and quaiparticle conductivity at 28 GHz are measured in underdoped single crystals of the Fe-based superconductor PrFeAsO1 y (Tc � 35 K) by using a sensitive superconducting cavity resonator. �ab(T) shows flat dependence at low temperatures, which is incompatible with the presence of nodes in the superconducting gap �(k). The temperature dependence of the superfluid density demonstrates that the gap is non-zero (�/kBTc & 1.6) all over the Fermi surface. The microwave conductivity below Tc exhibits an enhancement larger than the coherence peak, reminiscent of high-Tc cuprate superconductors.
TL;DR: It is inferred from a particle-in-cell simulation that the high energy ions are generated at the rear side of the target due to the formation of a strong dipole vortex structure in subcritical density plasmas.
Abstract: An approach for accelerating ions, with the use of a cluster-gas target and an ultrashort pulse laser of 150-mJ energy and 40-fs duration, is presented. Ions with energy 10-20 MeV per nucleon having a small divergence (full angle) of 3.4 degrees are generated in the forward direction, corresponding to approximately tenfold increase in the ion energies compared to previous experiments using solid targets. It is inferred from a particle-in-cell simulation that the high energy ions are generated at the rear side of the target due to the formation of a strong dipole vortex structure in subcritical density plasmas.
TL;DR: In this paper, the microscopic mechanisms of the enhancement in the catalytic activity caused by nitrogen doping using a simple graphene cluster model are investigated. And the analysis is based on the density-functional electronic-structure calculations.
Abstract: Recent studies suggest that the carbon-alloy catalyst with doped nitrogen may be a powerful candidate for cathode catalyst of fuel cell. In this paper, we aim to clarify the microscopic mechanisms of the enhancement in the catalyst activity caused by nitrogen doping using a simple graphene cluster model. Our analysis is based on the density-functional electronic-structure calculations. We analyze modifications in the electronic structures and the energetical stability for some different configurations of N doping. We extend the analysis to the case of codoping of nitrogen and boron and propose two possible scenarios explaining the further enhancement of catalytic activity by N and B codoping.
TL;DR: In the framework of the Generation IV Sodium Fast Reactor Program, the Advanced Fuel Project has conducted an evaluation of the available fuel systems supporting future sodium cooled fast reactors as discussed by the authors, based on documented performance of metallic fast reactor fuels and the early results of tests currently being conducted in US and international transmutation fuel development programs.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present two interatomic potentials for hydrogen in iron based on the embedded atom method potentials developed by Mendelev et al. They use an extensive database of energies and atomic configurations from DFT calculations to fit the cross interaction of hydrogen with iron.
Abstract: We present two interatomic potentials for hydrogen in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$--iron based on the embedded atom method potentials for iron developed by Mendelev et al. [Philos. Mag. 83, 3977 (2003)] and Ackland et al. [J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, S2629 (2004)]. Since these latter potentials are unique among existing iron potentials in their ability to produce the same core structure for screw dislocations as density functional theory (DFT) calculations, our interatomic potentials for hydrogen in iron also inherit this important feature. We use an extensive database of energies and atomic configurations from DFT calculations to fit the cross interaction of hydrogen with iron. Detailed tests on the dissolution and diffusion of hydrogen in bulk $\ensuremath{\alpha}$--iron, as well as the binding of H to vacancies, free surfaces, and dislocations, indicate that our potentials are in excellent overall agreement with DFT calculations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated fourteen kinds of pressure-transmitting media for the Ruby R1 fluorescence method at room temperature, 77 K using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 10 GPa.
Abstract: The fourteen kinds of pressure-transmitting media were evaluated by the ruby fluorescence method at room temperature, 77 K using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 10 GPa in order to find appropriate media for use in low temperature physics. The investigated media are a 1:1 mixture by volume of Fluorinert FC-70 and FC-77, Daphne 7373 and 7474, NaCl, silicon oil (polydimethylsiloxane), Vaseline, 2-propanol, glycerin, a 1:1 mixture by volume of n-pentane and isopentane, a 4:1 mixture by volume of methanol and ethanol, petroleum ether, nitrogen, argon, and helium. The nonhydrostaticity of the pressure is discussed from the viewpoint of the broadening effect of the ruby R1 fluorescence line. The R1 line basically broadens above the liquid-solid transition pressure at room temperature. However, the nonhydrostatic effects do constantly develop in all the media from the low-pressure region at low temperature. The relative strength of the nonhydrostatic effects in the media at the low temperature region is discus...
TL;DR: Idomura et al. as discussed by the authors used a full-f gyrokinetic approach with self-consistent evolutions of turbulent transport and equilibrium profiles to simulate micro-turbulence in open system tokamak plasmas.
Abstract: A global gyrokinetic toroidal full-f five-dimensional Vlasov simulation GT5D (Idomura et al 2008 Comput. Phys. Commun. 179 391)is extended including sources and collisions. Long time tokamak micro-turbulence simulations in open system tokamak plasmas are enabled for the first time based on a full-f gyrokinetic approach with self-consistent evolutions of turbulent transport and equilibrium profiles. The neoclassical physics is implemented using the linear Fokker–Planck collision operator, and the equilibrium radial electric field Er is determined self-consistently by evolving equilibrium profiles. In ion temperature gradient driven turbulence simulations in a normal shear tokamak with on-axis heating, key features of ion turbulent transport are clarified. It is found that stiff ion temperature Ti profiles are sustained with globally constant Lti ≡ |Ti/Ti'| near a critical value, and a significant part of the heat flux is carried by avalanches with 1/f type spectra, which suggest a self-organized criticality. The Er shear strongly affects the directions of avalanche propagation and the momentum flux. Non-diffusive momentum transport due to the Er shear stress is observed and a non-zero (intrinsic) toroidal rotation is formed without momentum input near the axis.
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of the closed-cycle continuous water splitting has been demonstrated by coupling the Bunsen reaction, thermal decomposition of hydrogen iodide and that of sulfuric acid.
Abstract: Research and development on the thermochemical water-splitting cycle using iodine and sulfur, a potential large-scale hydrogen production method, is reviewed. Feasibility of the closed-cycle continuous water splitting has been demonstrated by coupling the Bunsen reaction, thermal decomposition of hydrogen iodide and that of sulfuric acid. Studies are in progress to realize efficient hydrogen production. Also, development of chemical reactors made of industrial materials has been carried out, especially those used in the corrosive process environment of sulfuric acid vaporization and decomposition.
TL;DR: Comparison with direct-breakup model calculations suggests that the valence neutron of 31Ne occupies a low-l orbital (most probably 2p(3/2)) with a small separation energy (S(n) approximately < 0.8 MeV), instead of being predominantly in the 1f(7/2) orbital as expected from the conventional shell ordering.
Abstract: The cross sections for single-neutron removal from the very neutron-rich nucleus $^{31}\mathrm{Ne}$ on Pb and C targets have been measured at $230\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{\text{nucleon}}$ using the RIBF facility at RIKEN. The deduced large Coulomb breakup cross section of 540(70) mb is indicative of a soft $E1$ excitation. Comparison with direct-breakup model calculations suggests that the valence neutron of $^{31}\mathrm{Ne}$ occupies a low-$\ensuremath{\ell}$ orbital (most probably $2{p}_{3/2}$) with a small separation energy (${S}_{n}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$), instead of being predominantly in the $1{f}_{7/2}$ orbital as expected from the conventional shell ordering. These findings suggest that $^{31}\mathrm{Ne}$ is the heaviest halo system known.
TL;DR: In this article, the design progress in a compact low aspect ratio (low A) DEMO reactor, "SlimCS", and its design issues are reported The design study focused mainly on the torus configuration including the blanket, divertor, materials and maintenance scheme.
Abstract: The design progress in a compact low aspect ratio (low A) DEMO reactor, 'SlimCS', and its design issues are reported The design study focused mainly on the torus configuration including the blanket, divertor, materials and maintenance scheme For continuity with the Japanese ITER-TBM, the blanket is based on a water-cooled solid breeder blanket For vertical stability of the elongated plasma and high beta access, the blanket is segmented into replaceable and permanent blankets and a sector-wide conducting shell is arranged inbetween these blankets A numerical calculation indicates that fuel self-sufficiency can be satisfied when the blanket interior is ideally fabricated An allowable heat load to the divertor plate should be 8 MW m−2 or lower, which can be a critical constraint for determining a handling power of DEMO
TL;DR: In this paper, columnar defects were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, and their density was about 40% of the irradiation dose, and they were found to suppress vortex creep rates.
Abstract: We report the realization of columnar defects in Co-doped ${\text{BaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ single crystal by heavy-ion irradiation. The columnar defects are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, and their density is about 40% of the irradiation dose. Magneto-optical imaging and bulk magnetization measurements reveal that the critical current density is strongly enhanced in the irradiated region. We also find that vortex creep rates are strongly suppressed by the columnar defects. We compare the effect of heavy-ion irradiation into Co-doped ${\text{BaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ and cuprate superconductors.
TL;DR: In this article, a mixing tee with a main to branch diameter ratio of 3.3 was used for thermal striping, and detailed temperature and velocity fields were measured by a movable thermocouple tree and particle image velocimetry.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of high-temperature neutron irradiation on microstructural evolution, thermal and electrical conductivities and mechanical properties including the fiber/matrix interfacial strength are specified under various irradiation conditions.
TL;DR: This review focuses on the current understanding of (1) the yield of non-DSB clustered damage induced by ionizing radiation (2) the processing, and (3) biological consequences ofnon- DSB clustered DNA damage.
Abstract: After living cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, a variety of chemical modifications of DNA are induced either directly by ionization of DNA or indirectly through interactions with water-derived radicals. The DNA lesions include single strand breaks (SSB), base lesions, sugar damage, and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites (AP sites). Clustered DNA damage, which is defined as two or more of such lesions within one to two helical turns of DNA induced by a single radiation track, is considered to be a unique feature of ionizing radiation. A double strand break (DSB) is a type of clustered DNA damage, in which single strand breaks are formed on opposite strands in close proximity. Formation and repair of DSBs have been studied in great detail over the years as they have been linked to important biological endpoints, such as cell death, loss of genetic material, chromosome aberration. Although non-DSB clustered DNA damage has received less attention, there is growing evidence of its biological significance. This review focuses on the current understanding of (1) the yield of non-DSB clustered damage induced by ionizing radiation (2) the processing, and (3) biological consequences of non-DSB clustered DNA damage.
TL;DR: Observations indicate that a shoot factor HAR1 and a root factor TML participate in the same genetic pathway which governs the long-distance signaling of nodule number control and that the inhibitory effect of TML on nodulation is likely to be local.
Abstract: Legume plants tightly control the development and number of symbiotic root nodules. In Lotus japonicus, this regulation requires HAR1 (a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase) in the shoots, suggesting that a long-distance communication between the shoots and the roots may exist. To better understand its molecular basis, we isolated and characterized a novel hypernodulating mutant of L. japonicus named too much love (tml). Compared with the wild type, tml mutants produced much more nodules which densely covered a wider range of the roots. Reciprocal grafting showed that tml hypernodulation is determined by the root genotype. Moreover, grafting a har1 shoot onto a tml rootstock did not exhibit any obvious additive effects on the nodule number, which was further supported by double mutational analysis. These observations indicate that a shoot factor HAR1 and a root factor TML participate in the same genetic pathway which governs the long-distance signaling of nodule number control. We also showed that the inhibitory effect of TML on nodulation is likely to be local. Therefore, TML may function downstream of HAR1 and the gene product TML might serve as a receptor or mediator of unknown mobile signal molecules that are transported from the shoots to the roots.
TL;DR: Even though the radiochemically estimated G value of OH radicals was nearly zero at an LET of 1000 keV/μm, indirect action by OH radicals contributed to a substantial fraction of the biological effects of high-LET radiations.
Abstract: Hirayama, R., Ito, A., Tomita, M., Tsukada, T., Yatagai, F., Noguchi, M., Matsumoto, Y., Kase, Y., Ando, K., Okayasu, R., and Furusawa, F. Contributions of Direct and Indirect Actions in Cell Killing by High-LET Radiations. Radiat. Res. 171, 212–218 (2009). The biological effects of radiation originate principally in damages to DNA. DNA damages by X rays as well as heavy ions are induced by a combination of direct and indirect actions. The contribution of indirect action in cell killing can be estimated from the maximum degree of protection by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which suppresses indirect action without affecting direct action. Exponentially growing Chinese hamster V79 cells were exposed to high-LET radiations of 20 to 2106 keV/μm in the presence or absence of DMSO and their survival was determined using a colony formation assay. The contribution of indirect action to cell killing decreased with increasing LET. However, the contribution did not reach zero even at very high LETs and was esti...
TL;DR: The results provide direct experimental evidence for proposed aspects of the catalytic mechanism of HIV-1 protease and can contribute substantially to the development of specific inhibitors for therapeutic application.
Abstract: HIV-1 protease is a dimeric aspartic protease that plays an essential role in viral replication. To further understand the catalytic mechanism and inhibitor recognition of HIV-1 protease, we need to determine the locations of key hydrogen atoms in the catalytic aspartates Asp-25 and Asp-125. The structure of HIV-1 protease in complex with transition-state analog KNI-272 was determined by combined neutron crystallography at 1.9-A resolution and X-ray crystallography at 1.4-A resolution. The resulting structural data show that the catalytic residue Asp-25 is protonated and that Asp-125 (the catalytic residue from the corresponding diad-related molecule) is deprotonated. The proton on Asp-25 makes a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group of the allophenylnorstatine (Apns) group in KNI-272. The deprotonated Asp-125 bonds to the hydroxyl proton of Apns. The results provide direct experimental evidence for proposed aspects of the catalytic mechanism of HIV-1 protease and can therefore contribute substantially to the development of specific inhibitors for therapeutic application.
TL;DR: In this paper, deuterium retention in re-crystallized tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux pure and helium-seeded D plasmas to a fluence of 1027?D?m?2 was examined with scanning electron microscopy, thermal desorption spectroscopy, and the D(3He,p)4He nuclear reaction at 3He energies varied from 0.69 to 4.0?MeV.
Abstract: Blistering and deuterium retention in re-crystallized tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux pure and helium-seeded D plasmas to a fluence of 1027?D?m?2 have been examined with scanning electron microscopy, thermal desorption spectroscopy, and the D(3He,p)4He nuclear reaction at 3He energies varied from 0.69 to 4.0?MeV. In the case of exposure to pure D plasma (38?eV?D?1), blisters with various shapes and sizes depending on the exposure temperature are found on the W surface. No blisters appear at temperatures above 700?K. The deuterium retention increases with the exposure temperature, reaching a maximum value of about 1022?D?m?2 at 480?K, and then decreases as the temperature rises further. Seeding of 76?eV He ions into the D plasma significantly reduces the D retention at elevated temperatures and prevents formation of the blisters.
TL;DR: In this article, the size and number density of oxide nanoparticles in 9Cr-oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels with different concentrations of excess O, Ti and W are quantitatively determined using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and smallangle X-ray scattering (SAXS).