Journal ArticleDOI
Adiponectin--a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome.
Jonathan P. Whitehead,Ayanthi A. Richards,Ingrid J. Hickman,Graeme A. Macdonald,Johannes B. Prins +4 more
TLDR
Given the low levels of adiponectin in subjects with the metabolic syndrome, and the beneficial effect of the adipokine in animal studies, there is exciting potential for adiponECTin replacement therapy in insulin resistance and related disorders.Abstract:
Adiponectin is a recently described adipokine that has been recognized as a key regulator of insulin sensitivity and tissue inflammation. It is produced by adipose tissue (white and brown) and circulates in the blood at very high concentrations. It has direct actions in liver, skeletal muscle and the vasculature, with prominent roles to improve hepatic insulin sensitivity, increase fuel oxidation [via up-regulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity] and decrease vascular inflammation. Adiponectin exists in the circulation as varying molecular weight forms, produced by multimerization. Recent data indicate that the high-molecular weight (HMW) complexes have the predominant action in the liver. In contrast to other adipokines, adiponectin secretion and circulating levels are inversely proportional to body fat content. Levels are further reduced in subjects with diabetes and coronary artery disease. Adiponectin antagonizes many effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) and this, in turn, suppresses adiponectin production. Furthermore, adiponectin secretion from adipocytes is enhanced by thiazolidinediones (which also act to antagonize TNF-alpha effects). Thus, adiponectin may be the common mechanism by which TNF-alpha promotes, and the thiazolidinediones suppress, insulin resistance and inflammation. Two adiponectin receptors, termed AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, have been identified and these are ubiquitously expressed. AdipoR1 is most highly expressed in skeletal muscle and has a prominent action to activate AMPK, and hence promote lipid oxidation. AdipoR2 is most highly expressed in liver, where it enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces steatosis via activation of AMPK and increased peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha ligand activity. T-cadherin, which is expressed in endothelium and smooth muscle, has been identified as an adiponectin-binding protein with preference for HMW adiponectin multimers. Given the low levels of adiponectin in subjects with the metabolic syndrome, and the beneficial effect of the adipokine in animal studies, there is exciting potential for adiponectin replacement therapy in insulin resistance and related disorders.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update
TL;DR: In clinical practice, measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.
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Adipose tissue in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance: cells, cytokines, and chemokines.
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to synthesize the current literature on adipose cell composition remodeling in obesity, which shows how adipose-resident immune cells regulate inflammation and insulin resistance—notably through cytokine and chemokine secretion—and highlights major research questions in the field.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Kiymet Bozaoglu,Kristy Bolton,Janine McMillan,Paul Zimmet,Jeremy B. M. Jowett,Gregory Collier,Ken Walder,Ken Walder,David Segal +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, a signal sequence trap was used to identify genes that encode secreted or membrane-bound proteins in Psammomys obesus, an animal model of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases.
Brian L. Mealey,Thomas W. Oates +1 more
TL;DR: This article provides a broad overview of the predominant findings from research published in English over the past 20 years, with reference to certain "classic" articles published prior to that time.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction
TL;DR: Studies have shown that adiponectin administration in humans and rodents has insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects, and, in certain settings, also decreases body weight, thus suggesting potential versatile therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Yiying Zhang,Ricardo Proenca,Ricardo Proenca,Margherita Maffei,Marisa Barone,Marisa Barone,Lori Leopold,Lori Leopold,Jeffrey M. Friedman,Jeffrey M. Friedman +9 more
TL;DR: The ob gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway from adipose tissue that acts to regulate the size of the body fat depot.
Journal ArticleDOI
Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity.
Yukio Arita,Shinji Kihara,Noriyuki Ouchi,Masahiko Takahashi,Kazuhisa Maeda,Jun-ichiro Miyagawa,Kikuko Hotta,Iichiro Shimomura,Tadashi Nakamura,Koji Miyaoka,Hiroshi Kuriyama,Makoto Nishida,Shizuya Yamashita,Kosaku Okubo,Kenji Matsubara,Masahiro Muraguchi,Yasuichi Ohmoto,Tohru Funahashi,Yuji Matsuzawa +18 more
TL;DR: Plasma concentrations of adiponectin in obese subjects were significantly lower than those in non-obese subjects, although adip onectin is secreted only from adipose tissue.
Journal ArticleDOI
The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity
Toshimasa Yamauchi,Junji Kamon,Hironori Waki,Yasuo Terauchi,Naoto Kubota,Kazuo Hara,Y. Mori,Tomohiro Ide,Kouji Murakami,Nobuyo Tsuboyama-Kasaoka,Osamu Ezaki,Y. Akanuma,Oksana Gavrilova,Charles Vinson,Marc L. Reitman,Hiroyuki Kagechika,Koichi Shudo,Madoka Yoda,Yasuko Nakano,Kazuyuki Tobe,R. Nagai,Shigeko Kimura,Motowo Tomita,Philippe Froguel,Takashi Kadowaki +24 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that decreased adiponectin is implicated in the development of insulin resistance in mouse models of both obesity and lipoatrophy and that the replenishment of adiponECTin might provide a novel treatment modality for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
Christian Weyer,Tohru Funahashi,Sachiyo Tanaka,Kikuko Hotta,Yuji Matsuzawa,Richard E. Pratley,P. Antonio Tataranni +6 more
TL;DR: It is confirmed that obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with low plasma adiponectin concentrations in different ethnic groups and indicate that the degree of hypoadiponectinemia is more closely related to thedegree of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia than to the level of adiposity and glucose intolerance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plasma Concentrations of a Novel, Adipose-Specific Protein, Adiponectin, in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Kikuko Hotta,Tohru Funahashi,Yukio Arita,Masahiko Takahashi,Morihiro Matsuda,Yoshihisa Okamoto,Hiromi Iwahashi,Hiroshi Kuriyama,Noriyuki Ouchi,Kazuhisa Maeda,Makoto Nishida,Shinji Kihara,Naohiko Sakai,Tadahisa Nakajima,Kyoichi Hasegawa,Masahiro Muraguchi,Yasukazu Ohmoto,Tadashi Nakamura,Shizuya Yamashita,Toshiaki Hanafusa,Yuji Matsuzawa +20 more
TL;DR: Results suggest that the decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetes may be an indicator of macroangiopathy, and weight reduction significantly elevated plasma adip onectin levels in the diabetic subjects as well as the nondiabetic subjects.
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Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity.
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Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase
The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity
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