Journal ArticleDOI
Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge.
Luciano Marcondes Machado Nardozza,Ana Carolina Rabachini Caetano,Ana Cristina Perez Zamarian,Jaqueline Brandão Mazzola,Carolina Pacheco Silva,Vivian Macedo Gomes Marçal,Thalita Frutuoso Lobo,Alberto Borges Peixoto,Edward Araujo Júnior +8 more
TLDR
Early diagnosis of FGR is very important, because it enables the identification of the etiology of the condition and adequate monitoring of the fetal status, thereby minimizing risks of premature birth and intrauterine hypoxia.Abstract:
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition that affects 5–10% of pregnancies and is the second most common cause of perinatal mortality. This review presents the most recent knowledge on FGR and focuses on the etiology, classification, prediction, diagnosis, and management of the condition, as well as on its neurological complications. The Pubmed, SCOPUS, and Embase databases were searched using the term “fetal growth restriction”. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be classified as early or late depending on the time of diagnosis. Early FGR (<32 weeks) is associated with substantial alterations in placental implantation with elevated hypoxia, which requires cardiovascular adaptation. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are high. Late FGR (≥32 weeks) presents with slight deficiencies in placentation, which leads to mild hypoxia and requires little cardiovascular adaptation. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are lower. The diagnosis of FGR may be clinical; however, an arterial and venous Doppler ultrasound examination is essential for diagnosis and follow-up. There are currently no treatments to control FGR; the time at which pregnancy is interrupted is of vital importance for protecting both the mother and fetus. Early diagnosis of FGR is very important, because it enables the identification of the etiology of the condition and adequate monitoring of the fetal status, thereby minimizing risks of premature birth and intrauterine hypoxia.read more
Citations
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Journal Article
Intrauterine growth restriction
TL;DR: In the paper, etiology, diagnostics and monitoring of IUGR and its consequences for the child and for the course of neonatal periode are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interferons and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Pregnancy and Fetal Development.
TL;DR: Evidence is examined for the role of maternal and fetal immune responses affecting pregnancy and fetal development, both under homeostasis and following infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Steroid Biosynthesis, Transport and Metabolism in the Human Placenta
TL;DR: While steroid production, metabolism and transport in the placental syncytiotrophoblast have been explored for decades, few information is available for the role of placental-fetal endothelial cells in these processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Screening for fetal growth restriction and placental insufficiency.
TL;DR: New approaches to effective screening for FGR are highlighted based on a comprehensive review of: etiology, diagnosis, antenatal surveillance and management, and the new maternal blood biomarker placenta growth factor.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age Status With Childhood Cognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Chiara Sacchi,Claudia Marino,Chiara Nosarti,Alessio Vieno,Silvia Visentin,Alessandra Simonelli +5 more
TL;DR: Children who had IUGR and were SGA had significantly poorer cognitive outcomes (eg, cognitive scores and BII) than children with AGA in childhood, highlighting the need to develop interventions that boost cognitive functions in these high-risk groups.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: In this article, a Delphi survey was conducted among an international panel of experts on early and late fetal growth restriction (FGR) to determine, by expert consensus, a definition for early FGR through Delphi procedure.
Journal ArticleDOI
IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation
M. Jennifer Abuzzahab,Anke Schneider,Audrey Goddard,Florin Grigorescu,Corinne Lautier,Eberhard Keller,Wieland Kiess,Jürgen Klammt,Jürgen Kratzsch,Doreen Osgood,Roland Pfäffle,Klemens Raile,Berthold Seidel,Robert J. Smith,Steven D. Chernausek +14 more
TL;DR: Mutations in the IGF-IR gene that lead to abnormalities in the function or number of IGF-I receptors may also retard intrauterine and subsequent growth in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Update on the diagnosis and classification of fetal growth restriction and proposal of a stage-based management protocol.
TL;DR: A protocol is proposed that integrates current evidence to classify stages of fetal deterioration and establishes follow-up intervals and optimal delivery timings, which may facilitate decisions and reduce practice variability in this complex clinical condition.
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