K. M. Sturm-Ramirez

TL;DR: It is shown that these H5N1 viruses are reverting to nonpathogenicity in ducks, suggesting that the duck has become the "Trojan horse" of Asian H 5N1 influenza viruses.

TL;DR: Eight virus isolates that were nonpathogenic in ducks replicated and transmitted efficiently to naïve contacts, suggesting that highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses causing minimal signs of disease in ducks can propagate silently and efficiently among domestic and wild ducks in Asia and that they represent a serious threat to human and veterinary public health.

TL;DR: Control measures implemented for the second outbreak included strict isolation, culling, increased sanitation and vaccination, and infection on a chicken farm was detected 1 week after the second waterfowl park outbreak was detected, on the same day the second grey heron case was detected.

TL;DR: Despite a high level of genomic homology, the human isolate showed striking biological differences from its avian homologue in a duck model, suggesting that significant antigenic variation has recently occurred among H5N1 viruses.

TL;DR: The acquisition by the viruses of characteristics that enhance virulence in humans and waterfowl and their potential for wider distribution by infected migrating birds are causes for renewed pandemic concern.