Journal ArticleDOI
Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002
Trevor M. Ellis,R Barry Bousfield,Lucy A Bissett,K. C. Dyrting,Geraldine S. M. Luk,S T Tsim,K. M. Sturm-Ramirez,Robert G. Webster,Yi Guan,J. S. Malik Peiris +9 more
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TLDR
Control measures implemented for the second outbreak included strict isolation, culling, increased sanitation and vaccination, and infection on a chicken farm was detected 1 week after the second waterfowl park outbreak was detected, on the same day the second grey heron case was detected.Abstract:
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza have occurred in Hong Kong in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry in 1997, 2001, twice in 2002 and 2003. High mortality rates were seen in gallinaceous birds but not in domestic or wild waterfowl or other wild birds until late 2002 when highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza occurred in waterfowl (geese, ducks and swans), captive Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) and other wild birds (Little Egret Egretta garzetta) at two waterfowl parks and from two dead wild Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) and a Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) in Hong Kong. H5N1 avian influenza virus was also isolated from a dead feral pigeon (Columba livia) and a dead tree sparrow (Passer montanus) during the second outbreak. The first waterfowl outbreak was controlled by immediate strict quarantine and depopulation 1 week before the second outbreak commenced. Control measures implemented for the second outbreak included strict isolation, culling, increased sanitation and vaccination. Outbreaks in gallinaceous birds occurred in some live poultry markets concurrently with the second waterfowl outbreak, and infection on a chicken farm was detected 1 week after the second waterfowl park outbreak was detected, on the same day the second grey heron case was detected. Subsequent virus surveillance showed the outbreaks had been contained.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds
Bjorn R. Olsen,Vincent J. Munster,Anders Wallensten,Jonas Waldenström,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Ron A. M. Fouchier +5 more
TL;DR: Current knowledge on global patterns of influenza virus infections in wild birds is reviewed, these patterns are discussed in the context of host ecology and in particular birds' behavior, and some important gaps in current knowledge are identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1): a Threat to Human Health
TL;DR: The ecology and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are reviewed, the pandemic risk is assessed, and aspects of human H 5N1 disease are addressed in relation to its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
Journal ArticleDOI
An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza.
TL;DR: Only viruses of the Influenzavirus A genus have been isolated from birds and termed avian influenza [AI] viruses, but viruses with all 16 haemagglutinin [H1-H16] and all 9 neuraminidase [N1-N9] influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible combinations have beenolated from avian species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl
Honglin Chen,GJ Smith,GJ Smith,Shuyi Zhang,K. Qin,K. Qin,Jianbo Wang,Jianbo Wang,K. S. Li,Robert G. Webster,Robert G. Webster,Robert G. Webster,Joseph S. M. Peiris,Joseph S. M. Peiris,Yi Guan,Yi Guan +15 more
TL;DR: Cases of disease caused by H5N1 and transmission of the virus among migratory geese populations in western China are described and this outbreak may help to spread the virus over and beyond the Himalayas.
Journal ArticleDOI
Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control
Honglin Chen,Gavin J. D. Smith,Gavin J. D. Smith,K. S. Li,Jia Wang,Xiaohui Fan,J. M. Rayner,J. M. Rayner,Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna,Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna,Jinxia Zhang,Jinxia Zhang,L. J. Zhang,L. J. Zhang,C. T. Guo,C. L. Cheung,C. L. Cheung,K. M. Xu,K. M. Xu,Lian Duan,Lian Duan,Kai Huang,K. Qin,K. Qin,Y. H. C. Leung,Wai Lan Wu,Wai Lan Wu,Hongjing Lu,Yongxiong Chen,Ningshao Xia,T. S. P. Naipospos,Kwok-Yung Yuen,Sharifah Syed Hassan,S. Bahri,Toan D. Nguyen,Robert G. Webster,Joseph S. M. Peiris,Joseph S. M. Peiris,Yi Guan,Yi Guan +39 more
TL;DR: It is reported that genetically and antigenically distinct sublineages of H5N1 virus have become established in poultry in different geographical regions of Southeast Asia, indicating the long-term endemicity of the virus, and the isolation of H3N2 virus from apparently healthy migratory birds in southern China.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characterization of Avian H5N1 Influenza Viruses from Poultry in Hong Kong
Kennedy F. Shortridge,Nan Nan Zhou,Yi Guan,Peng Gao,Toshihiro Ito,Yoshihiro Kawaoka,Shantha Kodihalli,Scott Krauss,D. Markwell,K.G. Murti,M. Norwood,Dennis A. Senne,L. Sims,Ayato Takada,Robert G. Webster +14 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characterization of the pathogenicity of members of the newly established H9N2 influenza virus lineages in Asia.
Y.J. Guo,Scott Krauss,Dennis A. Senne,In-Pil Mo,K.S. Lo,X.P. Xiong,M. Norwood,Kennedy F. Shortridge,Robert G. Webster,Robert G. Webster,Yi Guan +10 more
TL;DR: The available evidence supports the notion of differences in pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses in the different lineages and suggests that viruses possessing genome segments similar to 1997 H5N1-like viruses are potentially pathogenic in mammals.