Bournemouth University

About: Bournemouth University is a education organization based out in Poole, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Tourism & Population. The organization has 3032 authors who have published 9672 publications receiving 220403 citations. The organization is also known as: Bournemouth Municipal College.

A meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

Abstract: Objective: Systematic reviews highlight a broad range of cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) prevalence estimates in cancer survivors. This meta-analysis was conducted to provide a prevalence estimate of significant CR-PTSD symptoms and full diagnoses to facilitate the psychological aftercare of cancer survivors. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted for studies using samples of cancer survivors by using validated clinical interviews and questionnaires to assess the prevalence of CR-PTSD (k=25, n=4189). Prevalence estimates were calculated for each assessment method using random-effects meta-analysis. Mixed-effects meta-regression and categorical analyses were used to investigate study-level moderator effects. Results: Studies using the PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version yielded lower event rates using cut-off [7.3%, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=4.5–11.7, k=10] than symptom cluster (11.2%, 95% CI=8.7– 14.4, k=9). Studies using the StructuredClinical Interview for Diagnosticand Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (SCID), yielded low rates for lifetime (15.3%, 95% CI=9.1–25, k=5) and current CR-PTSD (5.1%, 95%CI=2.8–8.9,k=9). Between-study heterogeneity was substantial (I 2 =54–87%). Studies with advanced-stage samples yielded significantly higher rates with PTSD Checklist—CivilianVersion cluster scoring(p=0.05),andwhenassessingcurrentCR-PTSDontheSCID(p=0.05).Theeffectofmeanageon current PTSD prevalence met significance on the SCID (p=0.05). SCID lifetime prevalence rates decreased with time post-treatment (R 2 =0.56, p<0.05). Discussion: The cancer experience is sufficiently traumatic to induce PTSD in a minority of cancer survivors. Post-hoc analyses suggest that those who are younger, are diagnosed with more advanced disease and recently completed treatment may be at greater risk of PTSD. More research is needed to investigate vulnerability factors for PTSD in cancer survivors. © 2014 The Authors. Psycho-Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Impact of industrialization: Comparative study of child health in four sites from medieval and postmedieval England (A.D. 850–1859)

Abstract: The morbidity and mortality profiles of 831 non-adult skeletons from four contrasting sites in medieval and postmedieval England were compared to assess whether urbanization and later industrialization, had a detrimental effect on the health of the inhabitants. Failure in the population's ability to adapt to these environments should be evident in the higher rates of mortality, retarded growth, higher levels of stress, and a greater prevalence of metabolic and infectious disease in the urban groups. Non-adult skeletons were examined from Raunds Furnells in Northamptonshire, from St. Helen-on-the-Walls and Wharram Percy in Yorkshire, and from Christ Church Spitalfields in London. Results showed that a greater number of older children were being buried at the later medieval sites and that the skeletal growth profiles of the medieval urban and rural children did not differ significantly. A comparison of the growth profiles of St. Helen-on-the-Walls (urban) and Spitalfields (industrial) showed that the Spitalfields children were up to 3 cm shorter than their later medieval counterparts. At Spitalfields, cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasias occurred during the first 6 months of life, and 54% of the non-adults had evidence of metabolic disease. It is argued that differences in the morbidity and mortality of non-adults from urban and rural environments did exist in the past, but that it was industrialization that had the greatest impact on child health. Environmental conditions, urban employment, socioeconomic status, and changes in weaning ages and infant feeding practices contributed to differences in health in rural, urban, and industrial environments.