Q2. What are the future works in "Flychk: generalized population kinetics and spectral model for rapid spectroscopic analysis for all elements" ?
Finally, the authors are also developing a Boltzmann solver that will be integrated with FLYCHK suite to study electron energy distributions self-consistently with the population distributions of interest for a wide range of non-thermal plasma, e. g, XFEL, intense short pulse laser, and beam generated plasmas.
Q3. What is the ionization rate coefficient for a Maxwellian?
For Maxwellian electron distribution, the three-body, or collisional recombinationrate coefficient is related to the ionization rate coefficient by the detailed balance as!
Q4. What are the main applications of FLYCHK?
For long-pulse laser-produced plasmas, such as gas bag or hohlraum experiments[28], K-shell spectroscopy and FLY have been widely used so the application of FLYCHK is straightforward.
Q5. What are the main characteristics of the new plasma generation schemes?
While the K-shell based spectroscopic code suite FLY and its predecessors [1] have been successfully employed to study hot dense plasmas for decades, the emphasis of the new plasma generation schemes are moving into uncharted regions of the temperature-density phase-space: warm dense matter, highly transient states of matter, and extremely hot and dense matter.
Q6. What is the definition of population kinetics?
A population kinetics model incorporates the results of atomic structure codes and scattering theories, plasma and statistical physics to describe atomic processes in atoms embedded in a plasma.
Q7. What is the energy of the first inner-shell excited level?
The inner-shell excited levels with an n-shell electron promoted from the firstinner-shell excited level are sequentially constructed by adding the energy of bound nshell excited level with respect to its ground state to the energy of the first inner-shell excited level.
Q8. What is the example of the irradiation of a solid Cu sample?
The example the authors study is the irradiation of a solid Cu sample by a laser at 1018 W/cm3 creating a non-thermal “hot” electron distribution with a temperature of 200 keV and density of 1020 cm-3 that generate K-shell vacancies in the relatively cooler solid density Cu.
Q9. What is the spectral model of the plasma?
Spectral Modeling: FLYSPECThe post-processor FLYSPEC synthesizes the emission and absorption spectra using the population distributions from the FLYCHK output file.
Q10. What are the main technologies used in the development of new plasmas?
There has been, and will continue to be, a resurgence in the development of novelplasma-generation techniques: x-ray lasers, ultra-short-pulse lasers, the National Ignition Facility (NIF), powerful z-pinch machines, VUV and X-ray Free Electron (XFEL) lasers.
Q11. Why does the spectrum not represent observable spectra?
the spectrum using level populations of the n-based configurations from FLYCHK will in many cases fail to represent observable spectra due to the simplicity of the atomic structure and radiative transitions employed in the n-based data file.
Q12. What is the absorption cross-section for a transition from state i to state ?
For the photoexcitation processes, the rate in units of s-1 is given byRij = 4! "ij J(#) d#h# $ where J(#) =1 2 I(#,µ)dµ%1+1 $where J(ν) is the mean intensity, I(ν,µ) is the specific intensity as a function of frequency ν and angle µ, and the α ij is the absorption cross-section for a transition from state i tostate j.
Q13. What is the effect of resonant processes?
This is where resonant processes by electron capture or excitation may lead to highly non-LTE distributions amongst those states.
Q14. What is the effect of opacity in the equations?
While the steady-state assumption is often valid for these long-pulse plasmas, in many cases one has to include the effect of opacity in both kinetics and spectrum calculations, both of which are incorporated into FLYCHK.
Q15. What is the time needed for the plasma to arrive at a steady state?
This indicates the time needed for the plasma to arrive at a steady state for a given condition of Te and Ne, and provides an insight on whether the shifts and widths of K-α lines, which are generated by the hot electrons, can be usedas a time-independent diagnostic for given plasma conditions.
Q16. What is the collisional rate coefficient in units of cm3s-1?
(3) Collisional processesA collisional rate coefficient in units of cm3s-1 is computed with the cross-sectionσ(E) and a given electron energy distribution function fe(E) for a transition of threshold energy of ΔE as!R = Ne v" (E) fe (E)dE #E$ % ,where v is the electron velocity at energy E.
Q17. What is the ionization rate of a state j to i?
The spontaneous emission rate from a state j to a state i is directly related to the oscillator strength, fij of the transition as!
Q18. How do the authors obtain the autoionization rate?
Then using the Van Regemorter cross-section [15] and a gaunt factor at the threshold energy Eij for σc(Eij), the authors obtain the autoionization rate as!