Journal ArticleDOI
Role of Kupffer cells in host defense and liver disease.
TLDR
Kupffer cells constitute 80–90% of the tissue macrophages present in the body, and are therefore constantly exposed to gut‐derived bacteria, microbial debris and bacterial endotoxins, known to activate macrophage.Abstract:
Kupffer cells (KC) constitute 80-90% of the tissue macrophages present in the body. They reside within the lumen of the liver sinusoids, and are therefore constantly exposed to gut-derived bacteria, microbial debris and bacterial endotoxins, known to activate macrophages. Upon activation KC release various products, including cytokines, prostanoides, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. These factors regulate the phenotype of KC themselves, and the phenotypes of neighboring cells, such as hepatocytes, stellate cells, endothelial cells and other immune cells that traffic through the liver. Therefore, KC are intimately involved in the liver's response to infection, toxins, ischemia, resection and other stresses. This review summarizes established basic concepts of KC function as well as their role in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases.read more
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Hepatic Stellate Cells: Protean, Multifunctional, and Enigmatic Cells of the Liver
TL;DR: The hepatic stellate cell has surprised and engaged physiologists, pathologists, and hepatologists for over 130 years, yet clear evidence of its role in hepatic injury and fibrosis only emerged following the refinement of methods for its isolation and characterization.
Journal ArticleDOI
Single cell RNA sequencing of human liver reveals distinct intrahepatic macrophage populations.
Sonya A. MacParland,Sonya A. MacParland,Jeff C. Liu,Xue Zhong Ma,Brendan T. Innes,Agata Bartczak,Blair K. Gage,Justin Manuel,Nicholas Khuu,Juan Echeverri,Ivan Linares,Rahul Gupta,Michael L Cheng,Lewis Y. Liu,Damra Camat,Sai W. Chung,Rebecca K. Seliga,Zigong Shao,Elizabeth Lee,Shinichiro Ogawa,Mina Ogawa,Michael D. Wilson,Jason E. Fish,Jason E. Fish,Markus Selzner,Anand Ghanekar,David R. Grant,Paul D. Greig,Gonzalo Sapisochin,Nazia Selzner,Neil Winegarden,Oyedele Adeyi,Oyedele Adeyi,Oyedele Adeyi,Gordon Keller,Gordon Keller,Gordon Keller,Gary D. Bader,Ian D. McGilvray +38 more
TL;DR: A map of the cellular landscape of the human liver using single-cell RNA sequencing is reported, and distinct populations of intrahepatic macrophages that may play specific roles in liver disease are identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immune surveillance by the liver
Craig N. Jenne,Paul Kubes +1 more
TL;DR: This role in host defense must be tightly regulated to ensure that inappropriate immune responses are not raised against nonpathogenic exogenous blood-borne molecules, such as those derived from food.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathology and Pathogenesis
TL;DR: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is recognized as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children and is most closely linked with insulin resistance; the current Western diet, high in saturated fats and fructose, plays a significant role.
Journal ArticleDOI
Acute-on chronic liver failure
Rajiv Jalan,Pere Ginès,Jody C. Olson,Rajeshwar P. Mookerjee,Richard Moreau,Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao,Vicente Arroyo,Patrick S. Kamath +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the current understanding of acute-on-chronic liver failure from the clinical, prognostic and pathophysiological perspectives and indicate potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for intervention.
References
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TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that the signaling pathways associated with each TLR are not identical and may, therefore, result in different biological responses.
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Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance
TL;DR: The data support the idea of a "beneficial" role for bilirubin as a physiological, chain-breaking antioxidant.
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Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF.
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Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs
TL;DR: It is shown that human dendritic cells, but not macrophages, efficiently present antigen derived from apoptotic cells, stimulating class I-restricted CD8+ CTLs, suggesting a mechanism by which potent APCs acquire antigens from tumours, transplants, infected cells, or even self-tissue, for stimulation or tolerization of C TLs.
Journal ArticleDOI
MD-2, a Molecule that Confers Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness on Toll-like Receptor 4
Rintaro Shimazu,Sachiko Akashi,Hirotaka Ogata,Yoshinori Nagai,Kenji Fukudome,Kensuke Miyake,Masao Kimoto +6 more
TL;DR: It is reported that a novel molecule, MD-2, is requisite for LPS signaling of TLR4, which is physically associated withTLR4 on the cell surface and confers responsiveness to LPS.