The human keratins: biology and pathology
TLDR
Since keratins also exhibit characteristic expression patterns in human tumors, several of them have great importance in immunohistochemical tumor diagnosis of carcinomas, in particular of unclear metastases and in precise classification and subtyping.Abstract:
The keratins are the typical intermediate filament proteins of epithelia, showing an outstanding degree of molecular diversity. Heteropolymeric filaments are formed by pairing of type I and type II molecules. In humans 54 functional keratin genes exist. They are expressed in highly specific patterns related to the epithelial type and stage of cellular differentiation. About half of all keratins—including numerous keratins characterized only recently—are restricted to the various compartments of hair follicles. As part of the epithelial cytoskeleton, keratins are important for the mechanical stability and integrity of epithelial cells and tissues. Moreover, some keratins also have regulatory functions and are involved in intracellular signaling pathways, e.g. protection from stress, wound healing, and apoptosis. Applying the new consensus nomenclature, this article summarizes, for all human keratins, their cell type and tissue distribution and their functional significance in relation to transgenic mouse models and human hereditary keratin diseases. Furthermore, since keratins also exhibit characteristic expression patterns in human tumors, several of them (notably K5, K7, K8/K18, K19, and K20) have great importance in immunohistochemical tumor diagnosis of carcinomas, in particular of unclear metastases and in precise classification and subtyping. Future research might open further fields of clinical application for this remarkable protein family.read more
Citations
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Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration
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A Review of Keratin-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications
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TL;DR: The history of keratin research and the advancement of Keratin biomaterials for biomedical applications are discussed.
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Multi-stage Differentiation Defines Melanoma Subtypes with Differential Vulnerability to Drug-Induced Iron-Dependent Oxidative Stress.
Jennifer Tsoi,Lidia Robert,Kim H. T. Paraiso,Carlos Galvan,Katherine M. Sheu,Johnson Lay,Deborah J.L. Wong,Mohammad Atefi,Roksana Shirazi,Xiaoyan Wang,Daniel Braas,Catherine S. Grasso,Nicolaos Palaskas,Antoni Ribas,Thomas G. Graeber +14 more
TL;DR: In this paper, gene expression analysis of human melanoma cell lines and patient tumors revealed that melanoma follows a two-dimensional differentiation trajectory that can be subclassified into four progressive subtypes associated with subtype-specific sensitivity to iron-dependent oxidative stress and cell death known as ferroptosis.
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Keratins in health and cancer: more than mere epithelial cell markers
TL;DR: Quite intriguingly, several studies have provided evidence for active keratin involvement in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, as well as in treatment responsiveness, and have set the foundation for further exploration of the role of keratins as multifunctional regulators of epithelial tumorigenesis.
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