Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease
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TLDR
An overview of the criteria used in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is provided, highlighting how this disease is related to, but distinct from, normal aging.Abstract:
The global prevalence of dementia is estimated to be as high as 24 million, and is predicted to double every 20 years through to 2040, leading to a costly burden of disease. Alzheimer disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function, which typically begins with deterioration in memory. Before death, individuals with this disorder have usually become dependent on caregivers. The neuropathological hallmarks of the AD brain are diffuse and neuritic extracellular amyloid plaques-which are frequently surrounded by dystrophic neurites-and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. These hallmark pathologies are often accompanied by the presence of reactive microgliosis and the loss of neurons, white matter and synapses. The etiological mechanisms underlying the neuropathological changes in AD remain unclear, but are probably affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Here, we provide an overview of the criteria used in the diagnosis of AD, highlighting how this disease is related to, but distinct from, normal aging. We also summarize current information relating to AD prevalence, incidence and risk factors, and review the biomarkers that may be used for risk assessment and in diagnosis.read more
Citations
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
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2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
William Thies,Laura Bleiler +1 more
TL;DR: This report provides information to increase understanding of the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, health expenditures and costs of care, and effect on caregivers and society in general.
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A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline
Thorlakur Jonsson,Jasvinder K. Atwal,Stacy Steinberg,Jon Snaedal,Palmi V. Jonsson,Sigurbjorn Bjornsson,Hreinn Stefansson,Patrick Sulem,Daniel F. Gudbjartsson,Janice A. Maloney,Kwame Hoyte,Amy Gustafson,Yichin Liu,Yanmei Lu,Tushar Bhangale,Robert R. Graham,Johanna Huttenlocher,Gyda Bjornsdottir,Ole A. Andreassen,Erik G. Jönsson,Aarno Palotie,Timothy W. Behrens,Olafur T. Magnusson,Augustine Kong,Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,Ryan J. Watts,Kari Stefansson,Kari Stefansson +28 more
TL;DR: The strong protective effect of the A673T substitution against Alzheimer’s disease provides proof of principle for the hypothesis that reducing the β-cleavage of APP may protect against the disease.
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The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2014)
Kazuaki Shimamoto,Katsuyuki Ando,Toshiro Fujita,Naoyuki Hasebe,Jitsuo Higaki,Masatsugu Horiuchi,Yutaka Imai,Tsutomu Imaizumi,Toshihiko Ishimitsu,Masaaki Ito,Sadayoshi Ito,Hiroshi Itoh,Hiroshi Iwao,Hisashi Kai,Kazuomi Kario,Naok Kashihara,Yuhei Kawano,Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama,Genjiro Kimura,Katsuhiko Kohara,Issei Komuro,Hiroo Kumagai,Hideo Matsuura,Katsuyuki Miura,Ryuichi Morishita,Mitsuhide Naruse,Koichi Node,Yusuke Ohya,Hiromi Rakugi,Ikuo Saito,Shigeyuki Saitoh,Kazuyuki Shimada,Tatsuo Shimosawa,Hiromichi Suzuki,Kouichi Tamura,Norio Tanahashi,Takuya Tsuchihashi,Makoto Uchiyama,Shinichiro Ueda,Satoshi Umemura +39 more
TL;DR: Kazuaki SHIMAMOTO, Katsuyuki ANDO, Toshiro FUJITA, Naoyuki HASEBE, Jitsuo HIGAKI, Masatsugu HORIUCHI, Yutaka IMAI, Tsutomu IMAIZUMI, Toshihiko ISHIMITSU, Masaaki ITO, Sadayoshi ITO and Hiroshi ITOH are presented.
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Clearance systems in the brain—implications for Alzheimer disease
Jenna M. Tarasoff-Conway,Roxana O. Carare,Ricardo S. Osorio,Lidia Glodzik,Tracy Butler,Els Fieremans,Leon Axel,Henry Rusinek,Charles Nicholson,Berislav V. Zlokovic,Blas Frangione,Kaj Blennow,Joël Ménard,Henrik Zetterberg,Thomas Wisniewski,Mony J. de Leon +15 more
TL;DR: The clearance systems of the brain as they relate to proteins implicated in AD pathology are described, with the main focus on Aβ.
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in this kindred, which shows linkage to chromosome 21 markers, there is a point mutation in the APP gene that causes an amino-acid substitution close to the carboxy terminus of the β-amyloid peptide.
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