Journal ArticleDOI
Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate?
Bente Klarlund Pedersen,Adam Steensberg,Christian P. Fischer,Charlotte Keller,Pernille Keller,Peter Plomgaard,Mark A. Febbraio,Bengt Saltin +7 more
TLDR
It is proposed that IL-6 and other cytokines, which are produced and released by skeletal muscles, exerting their effects in other organs of the body, should be named ‘myokines’.Abstract:
For years the search for the stimulus that initiates and maintains the change of excitability or sensibility of the regulating centers in exercise has been progressing. For lack of more precise knowledge, it has been called the ‘work stimulus’, ‘the work factor’ or ‘the exercise factor’. In other terms, one big challenge for muscle and exercise physiologists has been to determine how muscles signal to central and peripheral organs. Here we discuss the possibility that interleukin-6 (IL-6) could mediate some of the health beneficial effects of exercise. In resting muscle, the IL-6 gene is silent, but it is rapidly activated by contractions. The transcription rate is very fast and the fold changes of IL-6 mRNA is marked. IL-6 is released from working muscles into the circulation in high amounts. The IL-6 production is modulated by the glycogen content in muscles, and IL-6 thus works as an energy sensor. IL-6 exerts its effect on adipose tissue, inducing lipolysis and gene transcription in abdominal subcutaneous fat and increases whole body lipid oxidation. Furthermore, IL-6 inhibits low-grade TNF-α-production and may thereby inhibit TNF-α-induced insulin resistance and atherosclerosis development. We propose that IL-6 and other cytokines, which are produced and released by skeletal muscles, exerting their effects in other organs of the body, should be named ‘myokines’.read more
Citations
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The metabolic syndrome
TL;DR: The pathophysiology seems to be largely attributable to insulin resistance with excessive flux of fatty acids implicated, and a proinflammatory state probably contributes to the metabolic syndrome.
Journal ArticleDOI
The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise
TL;DR: It is suggested that myokines may be involved in mediating the health-beneficial effects of exercise and that these in particular are involved in the protection against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI
The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6
TL;DR: It turns out that regenerative or anti-inflammatory activities of interleukin-6 are mediated by classic signaling whereas pro-inflammatory responses of interLEukin -6 are rather mediated by trans-signaling.
Journal ArticleDOI
Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ
TL;DR: The finding that the muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs, such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones and brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease
TL;DR: The targeted suppression of various proinflammatory cascades in adipocytes specifically represents an exciting new therapeutic opportunity for the cardiovascular disease area.
References
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