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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Barriers to drug delivery in solid tumors

TLDR
This review hopes to provide the reader with a clear understanding and knowledge of biological barriers and the methods to exploit these characteristics to design multifunctional nanocarriers, effect useful dosing regimens and subsequently improve therapeutic outcomes in the clinic.
Abstract
Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in the field of drug delivery. The advent of engineered nanoparticles has allowed us to circumvent the initial limitations to drug delivery ...

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Citations
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To exploit the tumor microenvironment: Since the EPR effect fails in the clinic, what is the future of nanomedicine?

TL;DR: The basic rationale of the design and development of nanomedicines in cancer therapy is failing making it necessary to stop claiming efficacy gains via the EPR effect, while tumor targeting cannot be proved in the clinic, so it is probably time to dethrone the E PR effect.
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Nanodrug Delivery: Is the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect Sufficient for Curing Cancer?

TL;DR: Various barriers for nanosized drug delivery are overviewed with an emphasis on the capillary wall's resistance, the main obstacle to delivering drugs.
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Engineered nanomedicines with enhanced tumor penetration

TL;DR: The multifunctional transformable nanoparticles have emerged as an advanced generation of nanomedicine with superior tumor penetration capabilities and prospects for improving tumor penetration are discussed.
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Surface Functionalization and Targeting Strategies of Liposomes in Solid Tumor Therapy: A Review.

TL;DR: Information is reviewed about the strategies for targeting of liposomes to solid tumors along with the possible targets in cancer cells, i.e., extracellular and intracellular targets and targets in tumor microenvironment or vasculature.
Journal ArticleDOI

Display of GPI-anchored anti-EGFR nanobodies on extracellular vesicles promotes tumour cell targeting

TL;DR: It is shown that nanobodies can be anchored on the surface of EVs via GPI, which alters their cell targeting behaviour and highlights GPI-anchoring as a new tool in the EV toolbox, which may be applied for EV display of a variety of proteins.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Kinetics of internalization and recycling of transferrin and the transferrin receptor in a human hepatoma cell line. Effect of lysosomotropic agents.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the low pH in endocytic vesicles is essential for the dissociation of iron from transferrin and its delivery to the cell, but is not required for recycling of transferrin, and presumably of its receptor.
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Differential Uptake of Functionalized Polystyrene Nanoparticles by Human Macrophages and a Monocytic Cell Line

TL;DR: The data show that the amount of internalized nanoparticles, the uptake kinetics, and its mechanism may differ considerably between primary cells and a related tumor cell line, whether differentiated or not, and that particle uptake by these cells is critically dependent on particle opsonization by serum proteins.
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Matrix Metalloprotease 2-Responsive Multifunctional Liposomal Nanocarrier for Enhanced Tumor Targeting

TL;DR: A novel "smart" multifunctional drug delivery system was successfully developed to respond to the up-regulated matrix metalloprotease 2 in the tumor microenvironment and improve cancer cell-specific delivery of loaded drugs.
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Proteases in invasion: matrix metalloproteinases

TL;DR: An overview of recent evidence to support the changing view of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression summarizes recent evidence and focuses on the emerging roles for these enzymes.
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