Journal ArticleDOI
Non-random radial higher-order chromatin arrangements in nuclei of diploid human cells.
Marion Cremer,Johann von Hase,Tanja Volm,Alessandro Brero,Gregor Kreth,Joachim Walter,Christine Fischer,Irina Solovei,Christoph Cremer,Thomas Cremer +9 more
TLDR
It is concluded that nuclear functions in the studied cell types may not require reproducible side-by-side arrangements of specific homologous or non-homologous CTs, and that presently unknown factors may play a decisive role to enforce the different radial arrangements of large and small CTs observed in ellipsoid and spherical human cell nuclei.Abstract:
A quantitative comparison of higher-order chromatin arrangements was performed in human cell types with three-dimensionally (3D) preserved, differently shaped nuclei. These cell types included flat-ellipsoid nuclei of diploid amniotic fluid cells and fibroblasts and spherical nuclei of B and T lymphocytes from peripheral human blood. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) was performed with chromosome paint probes for large (#1–5) and small (#17–20) autosomes, and for the two sex chromosomes. Other probes delineated heterochromatin blocks of numerous larger and smaller human chromosomes. Shape differences correlated with distinct differences in higher order chromatin arrangements: in the spherically shaped lymphocyte nuclei we noted the preferential positioning of the small, gene dense #17, 19 and 20 chromosome territories (CTs) in the 3D nuclear interior – typically without any apparent connection to the nuclear envelope. In contrast, CTs of the gene-poor small chromosomes #18 and Y were apparently attached at the nuclear envelope. CTs of large chromosomes were also preferentially located towards the nuclear periphery. In the ellipsoid nuclei of amniotic fluid cells and fibroblasts, all tested CTs showed attachments to the upper and/or lower part of the nuclear envelope: CTs of small chromosomes, including #18 and Y, were located towards the centre of the nuclear projection (CNP), while the large chromosomes were positioned towards the 2D nuclear rim. In contrast to these highly reproducible radial arrangements, 2D distances measured between heterochromatin blocks of homologous and heterologous CTs were strikingly variable. These results as well as CT painting let us conclude that nuclear functions in the studied cell types may not require reproducible side-by-side arrangements of specific homologous or non-homologous CTs. 3D-modelling of statistical arrangements of 46 human CTs in spherical nuclei was performed under the assumption of a linear correlation between DNA content of each chromosome and its CT volume. In a set of modelled nuclei, we noted the preferential localization of smaller CTs towards the 3D periphery and of larger CTs towards the 3D centre. This distribution is in clear contrast to the experimentally observed distribution in lymphocyte nuclei. We conclude that presently unknown factors (other than topological constraints) may play a decisive role to enforce the different radial arrangements of large and small CTs observed in ellipsoid and spherical human cell nuclei.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Nuclear structure in cancer cells.
TL;DR: Advances in understanding nuclear structure have revealed insights into the process of malignant transformation and provide a basis for the development of new diagnostic tools and therapeutics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Three-Dimensional Maps of All Chromosomes in Human Male Fibroblast Nuclei and Prometaphase Rosettes
Andreas Bolzer,Gregor Kreth,Irina Solovei,Daniela Koehler,Kaan Saracoglu,Christine Fauth,Stefan C. Müller,Roland Eils,Christoph Cremer,Michael R. Speicher,Thomas Cremer +10 more
TL;DR: Modeling of 3D CT arrangements suggests that cell-type-specific differences in radial CT arrangements are not solely due to geometrical constraints that result from nuclear shape differences, and gene-density-correlated arrangements of higher-order chromatin shared by all human cell types studied so far are found.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intermingling of Chromosome Territories in Interphase Suggests Role in Translocations and Transcription-Dependent Associations
Miguel R. Branco,Ana Pombo +1 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that local chromatin conformation and gene transcription influence the extent with which chromosomes interact and affect their overall properties, with direct consequences for cell-type specific genome stability.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nuclear Architecture of Rod Photoreceptor Cells Adapts to Vision in Mammalian Evolution
Irina Solovei,Moritz Kreysing,Christian Lanctôt,Süleyman Kösem,Leo Peichl,Thomas Cremer,Thomas Cremer,Jochen Guck,Boris Joffe +8 more
TL;DR: It is shown that the nuclear architecture of rod photoreceptor cells differs fundamentally in nocturnal and diurnal mammals and suggests that the conventional architecture prevails in eukaryotic nuclei because it results in more flexible chromosome arrangements, facilitating positional regulation of nuclear functions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genome architecture: domain organization of interphase chromosomes
TL;DR: Together with microscopy and computational modeling, the results begin to yield a more coherent picture that integrates linear and three-dimensional views of chromosome organization in relation to gene regulation and other nuclear functions.
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TL;DR: The results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome are reported and an initial analysis is presented, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
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The Art of Computer Programming
TL;DR: The arrangement of this invention provides a strong vibration free hold-down mechanism while avoiding a large pressure drop to the flow of coolant fluid.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells.
TL;DR: The emerging view is that chromosomes are compartmentalized into discrete territories and the location of a gene within a chromosome territory seems to influence its access to the machinery responsible for specific nuclear functions, such as transcription and splicing.
Nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells
TL;DR: The emerging view is that chromosomes are compartmentalized into discrete territories, and the location of a gene within a chromosome territory seems to influence its access to the machinery responsible for specific nuclear functions, such as transcription and splicing.
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