Miep H. Helfrich

TL;DR: These guidelines are presented for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.

TL;DR: The genetics of ARO are described, the diagnostic role of next-generation sequencing methods are discussed and novel treatments, including preclinical data on in utero stem cell treatment, RANKL replacement therapy and denosumab therapy for hypercalcaemia are discussed.

TL;DR: The bone remodelling cycle maintains the integrity of the skeleton through the balanced activities of its constituent cell types, including the bone-forming osteoblast, a cell that produces the organic bone matrix and aids its mineralisation during remodelling.

TL;DR: Pleckstrin homology domain containing protein family member 1 (PLEKHM1) directly interacts with HOPS complex and contains a LC3-interacting region (LIR) that mediates its binding to autophagosomal membranes.

TL;DR: The results therefore show the molecular mechanism of action of nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate drugs in osteoclasts and highlight the fundamental importance of geranylgeranylated proteins in osteoclast formation and function.