Herman P. Spaink

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.

TL;DR: A region of 16.8 kb of the Sym(biosis) plasmid pRL1JI of Rhizobium leguminosarum, consisting of the established 9.7 kb nodulation region which confers nodulation ability on Vicia hirsuta and a region which appeared to be necessary for nodulation on V. sativa and Trifolium subterraneum, was subcloned as fragments in a newly developed IncQ transcriptional fusion vector.

TL;DR: In Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae, the nodABCand nodFEL operons are involved in the production of lipo-oligosaccharide signals which mediate host specificity and links the nodE and nodi genes to specific chemical features of the signal molecules.

TL;DR: The induced genes include the homologues of the human TLR1 and TLR2 genes, whose functions are associated with mycobacterial infections, underscoring the suitability of zebrafish as a model for analysis of the vertebrate innate immune system.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding of the biosynthesis, secretion, and regulation of production of these glycans are reviewed, and their functions are compared with glycans produced by other bacteria, such as plant pathogens.