Koichi Araki

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.

TL;DR: It is shown that mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin, also known as FRAP1) is a major regulator of memory CD8 T-cell differentiation, and in contrast to what was expected, the immunosuppressive drug Rapamycin has immunostimulatory effects on the generation of memoryCD8 T cells.

TL;DR: This study defines a parameter for determining the severity ofCD8 T cell dysfunction and for identifying virus-specific CD8 T cells that produce IL-10, and shows that targeting both PD-1 and Tim-3 is an effective immune strategy for treating chronic viral infections.

TL;DR: CD28-costimulation requirement for CD8 T cell rescue is demonstrated and an important role for the CD28/B7 pathway in PD-1 therapy of cancer patients is suggested, which suggests that CD28 may predict treatment response.

TL;DR: An overview of the cellular organization of immune memory is provided and some of the outstanding questions on immunological memory and how they pertain to vaccination strategies are underlined.